Tuesday, February 9, 2016

February, 9, 2016, Kim’s Weekly Garden Newsletter

February, 9, 2016, Kim’s Weekly Garden Newsletter    © Kim Willis

Hi Gardeners

Have a great Valentine's day
We have about 5 inches of snow but it’s still falling.  I am trying to think positively about it.  It’s a great insulator for all the plants that probably aren’t too ready for the bitter cold coming later in the week.  Notably, it’s the day after the new moon, as I discussed last week, precipitation seems to nearly always follow the day of the new moon.  I was hoping we would escape the big snowfalls this season but maybe nature knows best.

Yesterday when my pup Gizmo and I walked outside I had snowdrops in bloom and I was able to gather a good bowl of green chickweed for my indoor birds.  My chickens and ducks have been going outside nearly every day and finding green grass. That’s over for a while. I heard and saw a robin this week.  Poor thing will regret staying or his early arrival.  The birds have been eating the apples that remain on one tree in back of the barn, where they were too high to reach.

I spent the weekend compiling lists and ordering plants and seeds for spring.  Tomorrow I am going to start some perennial seeds that I collected in the fall.  This weekend I wandered through Walmart’s garden shop, not much there – but I did buy a small houseplant. The garden itch is creeping up on me.  I was even standing out by my big perennial bed, planning how I was going to tear it up and re-design it.  Nature must have thought I needed a reminder that it isn’t spring yet and threw a blanket over everything.

The good thing is that winter is already half over.  Once we climb out of the arctic cold next week maybe the snow will melt again and spring will be on its way for good- we can hope.
I have a pot roast with gravy and lots of veggies in the slow cooker and I’m going to make an apple cobbler for dessert from our apples I froze this fall. Comfort food for a winter day.  I hope you have a warm meal and warm room today too.

Valentine’s Day is Sunday.  This week’s newsletter has some Valentine related articles.

Malaria found in whitetail deer- has implications for Zika virus spread.

A research study has found that the malaria parasite, Plasmodium odocoilei is present in about 25% of white tail deer on the east coast of the US.  The research was done by a collaboration of  scientists: Ellen Martinsen,  Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, the American Museum of Natural History, the National Park Service, the University of Georgia, the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and UVM biologist and malaria expert Joseph Schall and was published February 5, 2016 in Science Advances.

Some deer carry malaria
The first case of malaria in deer was found accidently. The researchers do not think the malaria the deer carry will infect humans, but more research is needed. They believe this strain of malaria has been in deer for centuries and has just now been discovered. Therefore deer have probably developed some immunity to it and are probably not made seriously ill by the parasite. There are many unanswered questions such as whether there is a surge in malaria in deer recently or whether the malaria can infect domestic animals.

However it does bring up questions about whether or not deer could transmit the deadly Zika virus once it reaches the US. With the huge population of deer in the US this could prove to be a serious problem. The mosquitoes that carry malaria can also carry the Zika virus. It’s possible that deer could also be infected with Zika, since they can get malaria. If deer become infected with Zika virus they would be a reservoir of infection and spread the disease, greatly complicating control.

This is just another reason to not feed deer and to try and keep them from becoming comfortable on your property.  Research on this subject and on all things mosquito is ramping up rapidly as we learn just how dangerous and easily spread the Zika virus can be.  Mosquitoes aren’t much of a problem now, but in the spring it might be wise to avoid both deer and mosquitoes.


Thinking differently about plants

I feel strongly that plants aren’t appreciated enough for being the living things that sustain life on earth, far, far more important to life here than we are.  We don’t understand plants the way we understand other forms of animal life, probably because how they live is so different from how animals live. Because they don’t communicate like animals do or seem to show emotions like pain or happiness that we can recognize we think that they can’t communicate, or have “feelings” or emotions or any intelligence. 

A few decades ago most people treated companion and farm animals differently than we do now for the most part.  When I was growing up the majority of dogs for example, roamed the streets or were tied to a doghouse in the backyard.  It’s now considered cruel to tie up dogs outside for long periods and dogs are treated more like perpetual children than the dogs of years past. Our thinking about pets has changed.  Part of this is because we have learned so much from scientific studies about how dogs think and communicate.  We have learned their intelligence is much greater than we thought 50 years ago and that they have emotions and feelings very similar to us.

We have learned that some birds are even more intelligent than dogs and that some primates can learn sign language and communicate to us that they think, plan, dream and desire much like us. We are learning all kinds of fascinating things about animal life.

We are also learning about more plant life, although it’s much harder for us to understand plants because we are animals and understanding animals is easier because we are so similar to them.  We have started to “crack the code” with plants however, and will, I’m sure, learn even more astounding things about plants in the future.

For example we now know that plants do communicate with each other, that they experience stress and pain, even that they can plan and make decisions.  The intelligence of plants is not the same as the intelligence of animals, rooted in a central brain, but they can and should be considered beings that are aware of and participating in, life on earth. 

If you believe in evolution or divine creation both of the scenarios begin with plants existing before animals.  Plants make animal life possible, because they alone can exist on the suns energy and water.  They make all food that exists on earth. They make the air we breathe, the chemicals we use as medicines, the fuel we burn for warmth, fibers for clothing, and the homes that shelter us. 

We worry about animals being confined to small spaces and fed antibiotics and hormones to produce food for us.  But we don’t worry about plants crowded into fields in a manner they would never choose if left to their own devices and being fed chemicals because we have exhausted the soil or want to accelerate growth and spraying them with caustic chemicals so we can eat unblemished food.

Toad Lilies
We worry about the way animals are treated as they are butchered and some people even think it’s wrong to eat animals. But we have no worries about yanking plants from the soil, chopping and dicing them alive, even consuming them alive.  Some people believe they are superior to others because they eat only plant foods, assuming plants are almost inanimate objects with no feelings.  Someday that assumption will be long gone.

I am not suggesting that we stop eating plants and animals because until we learn to photosynthesize ourselves that would be extremely impractical.  We evolved to be part of the food chain and fortunately for us, at the top of it.  But we cannot untangle ourselves from the web of reciprocity; our bodies will feed the plants after we have died. We have to learn to appreciate all forms of life and not dismiss some as unintelligent, without feeling and therefore not worth respect. We should be as concerned about the way we treat plants as we are about how we treat animals.

I believe people should see plants as equal to animals in value. We should consider how we treat them and respect their lives as much as we do animal life.  We can keep “pet” plants in our gardens and homes if we are kind and respectful to them.  We can eat plants and use them for medicine if we remember to do so thoughtfully, thankfully, and without wasting their lives.  And just as we are reconsidering how we raise and treat animals we use for food, we should also stop and consider how we raise and harvest plants.

Book review: Braiding Sweetgrass; indigenous wisdom, scientific knowledge, and the teachings of plants- by Robin Wall Kimmerer

This is a delightful book that blends Native American storytelling and plant lore with the author’s scientific knowledge as a professor of botany.  The story wanders from plant to plant and place to place following the author’s life and experiences but it’s all fascinating as well as educational. 

Ms. Kimmerer regards plants with a great deal of respect, much as her Native American ancestors did. She shares her understanding of how life is connected and her attempts to give her students an understanding of this and how people are connected to the land.  There are fascinating tidbits of botanical knowledge, both old and new, woven into sacred stories of the author’s ancestors.  Sweetgrass is one of the four sacred plants of Native Americans and a phrase about it starts each chapter. 

The book is soothing, uplifting, and insightful and will inspire you to get out and explore nature and learn more about plants.  It may also inspire you to search out more information on your ancestors and what connections they had with nature and the land. 

Facts about Chocolate

Chocolate and Valentine’s Day go hand in hand, (even though more chocolate is sold at Halloween than at any other time).  February is also heart health month and chocolate is great for heart health.  Chocolate is high in antioxidants and decreases inflammation in the blood vessels, which lowers blood pressure and promotes good cardiac health.  Research shows that if you eat a small amount of dark chocolate every day you will decrease your risk of heart problems by one third. 

Chocolate seed pods grow right out of the trunk.
People who are depressed often crave chocolate and for good reason.  Chocolate contains chemicals that lighten your mood and “sweeten” the pleasure centers of your brain.   Other medical research has found that chocolate boosts memory, attention span and problem solving skills.  Some research suggests chocolate improves insulin sensitivity and that chocolate may improve eyesight in low light situations.  German research says that flavonoids in chocolate help the skin by absorbing UV light and increasing blood flow to the skin, protecting skin cells and making the skin long younger.

Chocolate is the only solid edible that melts at 93 degrees, just below your body temperature, which means it melts in your mouth.   If you are choosing a wine to go with a chocolate dessert or that box of candy, choose a red wine.  Surprisingly Americans are only 11th in the average amount of chocolate consumed by citizens each year.  Switzerland is first, with Australia and Ireland next in line.

It takes 400 cacao beans to produce a pound of pure chocolate and between 40-50 million people across the world have jobs based on the chocolate industry. The most expensive chocolate in the world is said to be “Madeleine” which is made by Fritz Knipschildt of Knipschildt Chocolatier in Connecticut.

Chocolate is a plant based product with immense health benefits and should be considered a vegetable!

Cooking with chocolate

Chocolate is a favorite Valentine’s Day treat but for most people chocolate treats are welcome all year round.  There is nothing better than a rich, homemade chocolate dessert or even main dish.  Cooking with chocolate, however takes a little knowledge of chocolates unique characteristics.

Getting a good chocolate treat, dessert or even main course starts with good chocolate.  There are many forms of chocolate that can be used in cooking, powders, bars, liquids, and the familiar chip or morsel.  There are premium varieties of each form and there really is a difference in the taste of premium chocolate versus the cheapest variety.

Get real chocolate

First look to make sure the chocolate product you are buying says real chocolate.  Many store brand chocolate chips for example, are chocolate flavored, which means that they are simply sugar and fat with a little chocolate flavor. Imitation chocolate lacks any health benefits and its taste is lacking too.  

The best unsweetened chocolate is generally 70% or more cocoa solids with cocoa butter and little else. Semi-sweet and bittersweet chocolate have some sugar and around 50-70% cocoa solids.   Chocolate that has milk added and 50% or less of cocoa solids and butter is called milk chocolate.  True white chocolate is made from cocoa butter and lacks any cocoa solids.  The cocoa solids are where the beneficial chemicals from dry roasted cocoa beans come from and white chocolate does not contain them.  Most chocolate product labels now contain the amount of cocoa solids found in the product.

It’s not just the purity of chocolate that makes it good, it’s the way it is processed and even the variety of cocoa bean used that make one chocolate taste better than another.  Chocolate producers have many trade secrets they guard closely but all chocolate requires separating out the cocoa butter from the solids in liquid chocolate and then recombining cocoa butter with cocoa solids in various proportions and at various temperatures to produce a smooth textured, rich product.  Then other ingredients are often added, sugar, vanilla, lecithin, milk and so on.
Cocoa ad 1918 during WW1

The chocolate to choose for cooking will probably vary from the chocolate you would want to choose for eating.   Scharffen Berger and Guittard are two American companies that produce deluxe chocolate for both cooking and eating.  But for most recipes a good brand label chocolate product such as Nestle, Bakers, Godiva, or Hersey, will do.  Avoid store brands and cheap brands labeled chocolate flavored.  If you have a favorite eating chocolate then you will probably like that brands cooking chocolate.

Use the right form of chocolate

Use the form of chocolate called for in a recipe.  If it calls for cocoa powder, use a powder.  Use a powdered baking cocoa not a cocoa drink mix. Substituting plain baking cocoa for Dutch processed cocoa or vice versa in a recipe generally doesn’t matter.  

When a recipe calls for solid chocolate you start with chocolate in a bar or chip form. Use the variety called for in the recipe.  Pure baking chocolate is not the same as semi-sweet or bittersweet chocolate.  It is bitter and generally requires more sugar and fat in the recipe than other chocolate.  Semi-sweet or bittersweet chocolates are interchangeable. A bar marked dark chocolate could also be used in place of semi-sweet or bittersweet.  Semi- sweet chips can generally be used in recipes calling for bars of semi-sweet or bitter sweet chocolate and chopped bars could be substituted for chocolate chips.  Milk chocolate is not used in a recipe unless it specifically calls for it.  Be sure to get the right amount of chocolate product when you are substituting.

If you are using a dark chocolate product of 65% or higher cacao in a recipe that doesn’t call specifically for this extra dark product use a little less of the chocolate, ( 25%) and add about a teaspoon more sugar per ounce of chocolate.

Melting chocolate

Many recipes call for melted chocolate. To melt chocolate break it in small pieces or use chocolate chips.  The pan you use to melt chocolate must be perfectly dry.  Even a hint of water will cause the chocolate to turn grainy, which is called seizing.  Make sure anything thing you use to stir the chocolate is also dry.  Use low heat to melt chocolate, heating chocolate to high temperatures will also cause it to seize.

You can melt chocolate in a microwave if you are careful.  Wipe the microwave to remove any moisture before beginning.  Put the chocolate to be melted in a microwave safe glass bowl for best results.  Start with a minute or two of time, remove and stir.  If the chocolate doesn’t seem to be melted enough return to the microwave for short bursts of time.  Chocolate may keep its shape until stirred even though it is soft.  It is easy to burn chocolate in a microwave, so check and stir often. Chocolate scorches easily and scorched chocolate isn’t pleasant tasting, throw it out. 

The other way to melt chocolate is to use a double boiler.  Fill a pan with water and put your chocolate in another pan that will fit over the first pan.  Make sure not to get water in the chocolate!  You heat the bottom pan of water to simmering and stir the chocolate on top until it is melted. Do not melt chocolate in a pan over direct heat unless there are other ingredients like milk in the pan with it.  

If melted chocolate does start to look grainy add 3 teaspoons vegetable shortening per 6 ounces of chocolate and stir it in.  Do not add butter or margarine as they have water in them.

Making chocolate curls and shavings - and other tips

A vegetable peeler can be used on a block of chocolate to make curls or shavings for garnishing.  Chocolate should be at room temperature for shaving, just run the vegetable peeler across it.  For curls the chocolate should be a little warmer.  Place the bar to be shaved in the microwave for 5 seconds or so or warm the bar, (wrapped in paper or plastic), in your hands for a few minutes.  Use a little more pressure on the peeler to produce good curls.

To keep chocolate chips or pieces from sinking to the bottom of baked goods, add handful of flour to the chocolate pieces in a bowl and gently toss or stir to coat the pieces with flour before adding to the batter.

Store chocolate in a cool, dark, dry place.  It must be tightly covered or it will pick up off flavors and moisture.  Wrap bars in plastic wrap or place in zip close plastic bags.  Opened bags of baking chips should be stored in zip close plastic bags or tightly sealed containers.  You can store tightly wrapped chocolate in the refrigerator. When chocolate picks up moisture it gets a white coating on it called a bloom.  It won’t hurt you but it does detract somewhat from the flavor.

Plants that promise passion

Valentine’s Day is this week and you may be wondering what kind of gift you could bring someone to make him or her love you more in many senses of the word. Jewelry and flowers may evoke warm feelings but some people are looking for something more, let’s say, efficient.

Some of the earliest written herbals contain references to plants that have aphrodisiac properties and potions that are said to bring true love. Many think that chocolate is a popular Valentines treat because it enhances sexual desire but modern science has proven that chocolate doesn’t have an effect on actual sexual performance. It does however affect the pleasure areas of the brain and causes people to feel happier. And since desire is largely produced in the brain bringing someone a box of chocolate isn’t a waste of time, not only does it show you care but it makes the recipient happy. Interestingly in Japan women send chocolate to men on Valentine’s Day. Just don’t mention to your love that Aztec prostitutes were paid in cacao beans.
Grow your own.  en.wikipedia.org

However there are some common plants, (herbs) that you may have in the house or yard that do enhance desire and sexual performance. The scientific community has been exploring plant pharmaceuticals intensively lately and there is great interest in finding a substitute for the “little blue pill” which has so many deadly side effects. So if you want your Valentine to love you more in every way you may want to try some of these plants that recent science has confirmed could enhance your love life.

Nutmeg,( Myristica fragrans) has long been used in magic love potions and since a chemical found in nutmeg, myristicin, is used to produce the illegal street drug ecstasy it was no wonder that animal tests found that it enhanced male sexual performance. Studies on females have not been done but folklore and common practice suggest that is also effective on females. Mace is another spice from the same plant and is said to have similar effects. In the amounts you would use in foods or teas nutmeg would not be harmful or have bad side effects; however you can overdose on the street drug and it isn’t recommended.

Both garlic and garlic chives were found in animal studies to have aphrodisiac effects. If you can find a way to slip them into a Valentine meal you could improve your love life and your health since garlic has many other health benefits.

Saffron, a spice made from the sexual organs of a type of crocus (Crocus sativus) has also been found to enhance sexual performance in animal studies. These studies typically use male animals and an aqueous extract of saffron but herbal lore suggests use of the spice in cooking is also helpful.

Two common garden weeds have recently been evaluated for their love enhancing abilities. Lambsquarters, (Chenopodium album) and Beggers ticks, Stick tights or Tickweed (Bidens frondosa) have both been shown to have significant aphrodisiac abilities in recent scientific studies. In animal studies extracts of the herbs were used. The seeds of lambsquarters are used in herbal remedies and were dried and ground into flour by Native Americans. The young greens are also eaten as a spinach substitute. The bark of the stems of Sticktight (Bidens) was the part used in studies. It could possibly be made into a tea.

Goji berry or Wolfberry is being touted as the next wonder food and among its good properties is apparently the ability to increase sexual hormones. Several garden catalogs are offering Goji berry plants for sale and they are said to grow as far north as Zone 5. If you are in a hurry to obtain the benefits of Goji there are many juices and other products on the market, probably in your local store.

Common tea (Camellia sinensis) had a marked aphrodisiac effect on rats. Perhaps that’s why the English preferred tea as a drink. Tea has been used as a drink for many centuries and it seems that if people were getting a love boost from it that effect would be well known. Maybe a little tea spiced with nutmeg would be an improvement.

Damiana is an herb you can grow although it may be hard to find locally. It has proven aphrodisiac qualities. Dried leaves of damiana are smoked or made into a tea. See the article below on growing damiana.

Other common plants that have some scientific validity as aphrodisiacs include Maypops or Passionfruit, (Passiflora incarnate), panax ginsing, yohimbe, velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens), and African basil (Ocimum gratissimum).

If a stimulating massage oil is desired Ylang-ylang and rosewood (not rose) essential oil mixed with coconut oil is said to be very exciting to women. Just smelling Ylang ylang is said to increase sexual desire in women. Maybe you guys out there might want to dab it behind your ears. (This hasn’t been proven scientifically, it’s just folklore.)

If you decide to experiment with a love potion this Valentine’s Day use a little caution as people can have an allergic reaction to anything. It’s a good idea to tell a person what they are being fed. Many of these herbs would probably take days of treatment to work and most studies used concentrated extracts that are hard to duplicate at home. Still a little imagination may work wonders as after all, love and desire are strongly seated in the brain.

Damiana, the herb of love

Long before the little blue pill people with “love” problems were using the herb damiana (prounced dah mee AH na), for help. The plant, Turnera diffusa, grows as a small shrub in South America, Mexico and north into southern Texas. For those with a love of herbs the plant can be grown in containers in Michigan, much like we grow rosemary.

Damiana is said to act as an aphrodisiac, producing pleasurable dreams and sensations in both men and women. No scientific research proves the claim, but its long use in South America and Mexico for that purpose may suggest some benefit. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology published a report in its September 26, 2008 issue stating that damiana could boost testosterone levels in subjects. High testosterone usually translates into increased sexual appetite. Damiana is scientifically proven to relax the nervous system, and prehaps lift depression, maybe acting to lower inhibitions much like alcohol. In South America damiana is often mixed with alcohol, generally as a margarita or in fancy liqueurs.

Recent claims for damiana touted the herb as a substitute for marihuana, a legal high. It was said to be an ingredient of the herbal “incense” K2 which was sold as an incense but smoked by most people who bought it. Unfortunately laboratory analysis of those incense products revealed very little herb at all, much less damiana. They contained synthetic drugs that caused hallucinations. Most states now ban those products.

ast.wikipedia.org
Damiana doesn’t produce a marihuana like high and it is still legal to grow the herb and use it. In herbal medicine, besides its use as an aphrodisiac, it was used in menstrual pain relief, menopausal symptom relief, for bed wetting and to help headaches. It will make you feel good, but not “high”.

Damiana is a perennial bush-like plant with small, lance-shaped leaves, light green on top , lighter below with downy hairs. It produces little yellow flowers in summer from the leaf joints. The flowers eventually turn into seed capsules which split into three parts releasing several tiny black seeds. Potted damiana plants can grow to 3-4 feet high in good conditions. Stems will turn woody with age. The plant has a characteristic odor, somewhat like a combination of citrus and chamomile.

Damiana cultivated in northern areas may not flower, which isn’t necessary to get the herb, but it does make the seeds a bit more expensive and hard to find. You will need to search on line to find suppliers. Make sure you are getting Turnera diffusa seeds not other varieties of Turnera. If you know someone with a plant, a cutting can be taken, similar to making a cutting from a coleus plant.

Damiana seeds should be planted in sterile seed starting medium with gentle bottom heat. Lightly cover the seeds and keep moist until germination. Damiana seeds may take some time to germinate so be patient. Room temperature for growing seedlings should be about 70 degrees. Transplant seedlings after they have two sets of true leaves into 3-4 inch pots filled with a light potting medium.

After all danger of frost has passed seedlings can be gradually acclimated to the outside by putting them in a sheltered, shady location for a few hours each day, then gradually moving them into full sun. Grow your potted damiana in full sun, transplant into larger pots as they grow. It can dry out between watering but don’t let the plant wilt.

Damiana will only need light fertilization, in nature the plants grow in dry wasteland areas. A little fertilization however, will make more leafy growth, which is desirable. Use a diluted liquid fertilizer, following mixing directions for container plants once a month, April through August. Pinching the growing tips of damiana once a month will increase bushiness of the plant. The plant can be pruned to keep it a manageable size.

Damiana must be brought inside before frost. Move it into a cool, sunny place indoors. Unheated porches or sunrooms, or unheated greenhouses are fine if they stay above freezing. In the winter day temperatures should be kept around 60 degrees, while nights should be at least ten degrees cooler, as long as they stay above freezing. Do not fertilize over winter, and provide as much light as possible, if you do not have southern window exposure use grow lights for supplementation. Water only when the soil feels dry. Properly grown plants will live for many years.

Damiana is harvested anytime after the plant reaches a robust size. Harvest leaves a bit at a time to avoid causing too much shock to the plant, never more than a third of the plant. The leaves are dried and used as a tea or leaves can be steeped in vodka and used as a tincture. The taste of damiana is bitter and it needs to be mixed with sweeteners. It is sometimes mixed with semisweet chocolate.

Damiana leaves are also dried and smoked like marihuana. This is said to produce somewhat stronger feelings of pleasure, but this herb, without additives, will not get you high like marihuana. Anyone can have an allergic reaction to plant products so use small amounts of damiana at first to see how you react.

People who are pregnant or nursing should not use damiana. Modern herbalists also warn those with breast cancer, mental illnesses, Alzheimer’s or Parkinson disease to avoid using damiana. Those using prescription medicines for diabetes should also avoid damiana. There are hormone-like qualities to the herb which can cause problems for people in those categories. Anyone on any prescription medicines should consult with their doctor before using herbs.

There is little scientific information on what would be a lethal dose of damiana if there is a lethal dose, but moderate use would be advisable. Also side effects are not fully documented. Stomach upset in high doses has been mentioned and it may cause a rise in blood sugar. Avoid combining forms of damiana use such as tea and smoking it.

There may be some market possibilities for a Michigan grower with a small greenhouse to produce damiana plants from cuttings or seeds for resale to interested buyers.

Have a happy, chocolate filled Valentine’s Day
Kim Willis
 “He who has a garden and a library wants for nothing” ― Cicero



Events, classes and other offerings
Please let me know if there is any event or class that you would like to share with other gardeners.  These events are primarily in Michigan but if you are a reader from outside of Michigan and want to post an event I’ll be glad to do it.

Do you have plants or seeds you would like to swap or share?  Post them here by emailing me.

Free seeds
I have these seeds that I collected from my garden that I am willing to share free.  Look at the list and if you would like some contact me at kimwillis151@gmail.com

I will tell you where to send a stamped self-addressed envelope for the seeds. If you want popcorn or black walnuts it will take several stamps.  I have published this list on the seed swap sites also.  I’ll try to give everyone who asks some until they are gone.

Lilies, a seed mixture of assorted hybrids, oriental- Asiatic- trumpet- Casa Blanca, Stargazer, La Reve, purple tree, yellow tree, Silk Road, more
Anise hyssop
Morning glory – common purple
Scarlet runner bean - few
Japanese hull-less popcorn
Hosta asst.of seed from numerous varieties- lots
Ligularia desmonda (daisy–like flower)
Ligularia rocket – spires of flowers
Yucca
Glad mixed
Zinnia mixed
Foxglove Dalmation peach
Calendula mixed
Baptisia blue
Jewelweed
Cleome white
Columbine mixed- small amount
Nicotiana small bedding type- mixed colors
Nicotiana sylvestris (woodland tobacco, Only the Lonely)
Daylily mixed
Kangaroo Paws orange
Hollyhock mixed
Black walnut- few hulled nuts

An interesting Plant Id page you can join on Facebook

Here’s a seed/plant sharing group you can join on Facebook

Invitation
If you are a gardener in Michigan close to Lapeer we invite you to join the Lapeer Area Horticultural Society. The club meets once a month, on the third Monday at various places for a short educational talk, snacks and socializing with fellow gardeners. No educational or volunteer requirements for membership, all are welcome. Membership dues are $20 per year. February's meeting will be at Mayfield Township Hall, Lapeer, Monday the 15th, 6:30 pm and the speaker will be Michael from Seven Ponds who will speak on wild birds and their song. Come and visit us, sit in on a meeting for free.

New- Dow Gardens, 2016 Know & Grow Seminar Saturday, February 20, 2016 - 8:15 a.m. - 3:30 p.m. Bullock Creek High School, 1420 South Badour Road, Midland; MI
Speakers- Paul Epsom “My E Garden, (Five E's)” & "Winter Elements", Marta McDowell “Curves, Carpets, and Color: A lecture on Romantic and Victorian Gardening in America” Paul Zammit “Dramatic Container Gardening”
The Midland Master Gardeners will again host an array of vendors from across the state to create a one-of-a-kind gardening marketplace. You never know what treasure you’ll find. Get ready to shop!
Tickets are $75.00   Go here to buy tickets-

Smart Vegetable Gardening Series - Thursday, March 3, 2016 to Friday, March 4, 2016, 5:00pm.  DeVos Place - 3rd Floor, Grand Gallery Overlook Rooms F & G, 303 Monroe Ave NW., Grand Rapids, MI.

Want to start growing vegetables, but not sure where to start? Or are you already growing, but want to increase your yield? The Michigan State University Extension’s Smart Gardening team is here to help! With experts in every facet of the veggie growing process, the Smart Vegetable Gardening Series can teach you everything you need to know to make your vegetable garden a success! Plan now to attend one or all 4 sessions.
Cost: $20 per session or $60 for the entire series! Registration includes a Weekend Pass to the Show! https://secure.interactiveticketing.com/1.10/e4fbce/#/select

New-Spring Beauties: Native Wildflowers for the Woodland Garden Friday, February 26, 2016 Meadow Brook Hall, 480 South Adams Road, Rochester MI

Coffee and refreshments will be served at 9:15 a.m. with program to follow at 10:00 a.m. Featuring guest speaker Cheryl English, Professional Gardener, Designer, Author, and Educator. Cheryl will discuss many Michigan native plants from Trout Lilies to Trillium, from the exotic to the familiar, and explore some native alternatives for the spring garden. Guests are welcome.
Meadow Brook Garden Club. There is a $5 non-member donation.
Reservations are not required. For more information, contact 248-364-6210, or MBHGCMembers@gmail.com or visit

New-2016 Michigan Horticultural Therapy Conference: "Horticultural Therapy: Connecting People & Plants" Friday, March 11, 2016 from 8:30 a.m. – 4:30 p.m.- Michigan State University: Plant & Soil Sciences Building, East Lansing, Mi

The MHTA conference is beneficial to anyone interested in learning how the people-plant interaction brings therapeutic change and improves well-being. This event features informative breakout sessions, book/product sales, hands-on workshops, displays, refreshments, door prizes and optional visit to the MSU Indoor/Outdoor Children’s Garden. Join us to learn aspects of horticultural therapy that can enhance adult day services, seniors, children’s programs, recreational therapy programs, school gardens, community and healing gardens, corrections, hospice, medical care/mental health, rehabilitation programs and more.
Early Registration fee is $60 for MHTA members/$80 for non-members (postmarked by March 4). 
Regular registration is $70 for MHTA members/$90 for non-members and $30 for full time students. Annual MHTA membership is $20.
Registration fee includes lunch (vegetarian option available).
For additional information contact Cathy Flinton, HTR at 517-332-1616 x16238 or Cathy@michiganhta.org; or M.C. Haering at MC@michiganhta.org or 248-982-6266. Or go to http://www.michiganhta.org/index.php/march-11-conference

New-MICHIGAN HERB ASSOCIATES CONFERENCE, A GARDEN FIESTA TO REMEMBER! Thursday, March 10th, 2016,  MSU, Plant and Soil Sciences Building, East Lansing Mi.   Registration and Shoppe Sales start at 8:15 am and the program begins at 9:00 am.

The conference opens with Lucinda Hutson, all the way from Texas.  Her talks will be on Herbal Landscapes Inside and Out, and The Ultimate Guide to Entertaining in your Outdoor Spaces. Also speaking, Jessica Wright and Val Albright, Cultivating the Recipe Garden. The day will finish with a Make and Take activity where we will all make a package of Guacamole Seasoning to take home.

The pre-reservation only buffet luncheon will be in the nearby conservatory with linen covered tables, plants, and hopefully butterflies! Check out www.miherb.org  for the rest of the lineup, and a registration form to print out and mail. The conference is $45 (early bird rate before Feb 12),  Postmarked after February 12, MHA Member Rate $50.00, Non-Member Rate $75.00 Salad Buffet Luncheon $13.00.

You must register by March 2nd to reserve lunches. TIP: You can register up until the day of the conference by phone by calling Dolores Lindsay 517.899.7275, or by coming as a walk-in. Walk in’s will be charged extra.


New- MSU Horticulture Gardens’ Spring Program: The Garden Professors April 9, 2016, 8 a.m. - 4 p.m. Plant and Soil Sciences Building, 1066 Bogue Street East Lansing, MI

Looking to bust through gardening myths and dig down to the truth? Join the creators of The Garden Professors, a blog where expert professors from around the country use science-based information to provide you with the facts about gardening from every aspect. We will host two of these professors and they will be joined by organic farming expert, Adam Montri. Attendees will have the opportunity to submit questions in advance, many of which will be answered by these experts during a final Q & A session! Early registration (on or before March 31) for MSU Horticulture Garden Member $70, Early registration (on or before March 31) for non-MSU Horticulture Garden Member $80 Registrations received after March 31 $90

Contact: Jennifer Sweet at 517-353-0443 or hgardens@msu.edu

Growing Great Gardens – Saturday, March 12, 2016 - 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM - Heinz C Prechter Performing Arts Center, 21000 Northline Rd, Taylor, MI
Are you a "plant geek"? Ready for some inspiration? Calling all gardeners for a day of learning, food, prizes and fun at the 8th annual Growing Great Gardens. Enjoy renowned horticulture gurus Scott Beuerlein, Joe Tychonievich, Ed Blondin and Susan Martin. Lunch included. Master Gardeners can earn education hours, too! (5-6 hours, depending on whether you sign up for the BONUS class at lunchtime. Costs: $45 before 1/31. Lunch & learn class $10.

More info- Phone: 888-383-4108

Grand Rapids Smart Gardening Conference 2016, March 5, 2016, 9 a.m. - 4 p.m. DeVos Place, Grand Rapids, Michigan

Several speakers on native plants, low impact/care gardening, pollinators.  More info-
                                                   
Cost: Early Bird Registration by Feb. 15, 2016 - $60, Late Registration - $70 Enrollment deadline is Friday, Feb. 26, 2016 or until full. Registration at the door is not available.
Contact: Diane Brady, bradydi1@anr.msu.edu, 616-632-786

Great Lakes Hosta College, March 18-19, 2016, Upper Valley Career Center in Piqua, Ohio.

Students attend 5 classes they have chosen from a program of over 70 classes taught by a faculty of approximately 50 volunteers. Mid-day each student has lunch from a delicious buffet included in the registration fee. At the end of the day students take a brief break and then return for a banquet and talk that concludes the Hosta College experience.

The vending area offers a large selection of plants (even though it may be snowing outside!), garden accessories, tools, and other garden-related merchandise for shoppers. The Bookstore features gardening books at fantastic discounts, stationery, society clothing items, and other Hosta College souvenirs. Persons who belong to one of the local societies with membership in the Great Lakes Region receive preferential registration and a reduced registration fee.  $42 registration fee for members, $55 registration fee for non-members.

To register or get class list go to http://www.ihostohio.org/portal/glhc/college.asp

Here’s a facebook page link for gardeners in the Lapeer area.  This link has a lot of events listed on it.

Here’s a link to all the nature programs being offered at Seven Ponds Nature center in Dryden, Michigan. http://www.sevenponds.org/

Here’s a link to classes being offered at Campbell’s Greenhouse, 4077 Burnside Road, North Branch. 

Here’s a link to classes and events at Nichols Arboretum, Ann Arbor
Here’s a link to programs being offered at English Gardens, several locations in Michigan.

Here’s a link to classes at Telly’s Greenhouse in Troy and Shelby Twsp. MI, and now combined with Goldner Walsh in Pontiac MI.

Here’s a link to classes and events at Bordines, Rochester Hills, Grand Blanc, Clarkston and Brighton locations

Here’s a link to events at the Leslie Science and Nature Center, 1831 Traver Road Ann Arbor, Michigan  | Phone 734-997-1553 |
http://www.lesliesnc.org/

Here’s a link to events at Hidden Lake Gardens, 6214 Monroe Rd, Tipton, MI

Here’s a link to events and classes at Fredrick Meijer Gardens, Grand Rapids Mi
http://www.meijergardens.org/learn/ (888) 957-1580, (616) 957-1580


Newsletter information
If you would like to pass along a notice about an educational event or a volunteer opportunity please send me an email before Tuesday of each week and I will print it. Also if you have a comment or opinion you’d like to share, send it to me. Please state that you want to have the item published in my weekly notes. You must give your full name and what you say must be polite and not attack any individual. I am very open to ideas and opinions that don’t match mine but I do reserve the right to publish what I want.
I write this because I love to share with other gardeners some of the things I come across in my research each week. It keeps me engaged with local people and horticulture. It’s a hobby, basically. I hope you enjoy it. If at any time you don’t wish to receive these emails just let me know. If you know anyone who would like to receive these emails have them send their email address to me.  KimWillis151@gmail.com


Tuesday, February 2, 2016

February, 2, 2016, Kim’s Weekly Garden Newsletter

February, 2, 2016, Kim’s Weekly Garden Newsletter    © Kim Willis


Hi Gardeners
So close!

I like February so far, although today is colder than yesterday. I looked back at the last few years February weather though and don’t like what I see.  In the last two years February was colder and snowier than January.  But this February is still supposed to be milder than normal with no big snow storms in sight yet according to the latest weather reports. 

If you think this January was gloomier than usual though you were right.  In January we had only 7 sunny or partly sunny days. In 2013 we had 14 sunny days, 2014 - 13 sunny days and last year 18 sunny days.  So yes it has been cloudy.  I did more weather sleuthing this week too- see the article below on the moon’s effect on weather.

I don’t think the groundhog saw his shadow so spring is just around the corner.  The plants think so.  I have snowdrops getting ready to bloom.  I thought they would bloom today- maybe because it’s cloudy they haven’t opened.  I know some of you further south may have crocus opening as I know mine are getting close up near the house, but not as close as those brave snowdrops.

The grass is still green and so is my hardy bamboo, which is generally brown by now.  I took Gizmo outside Sunday and Monday and let him experience earth beneath his feet.  (We went where the grass and not mud dominated.)  He loved it and probably would have played longer except I noticed him shivering and took him inside.  My chickens were all out yesterday munching on green grass. 

There is supposed to be rain tonight, maybe even a thunderstorm, and the temps are going to rise through the night with 50 degrees tomorrow.  Then we drop down in temps a bit before going back up on the weekend.  I expect if this weather holds to see crocus sometime next week- which for me – crocus in February – will be a first. I sure hope we don’t go back to deep snow and cold weather.

February Almanac

The names for the full moon in February, (February 22nd), reflect the bleakness associated with the month.  It is called the Full Snow moon, Hunger moon and Bone moon among other things.

There are 10 hours 2 min of day light today, but by the 29th there is 11 hours and 13 min of daylight as we rapidly gain on spring equinox. In January we only gained 48 minutes of light in 31 days.  In February we gain 69 minutes in 29 days. And yes- this is a leap year so we also gain a day.  Go sun go!

Good days for planting above ground crops are 9th -10th and 18th, 19th, below ground crops, 27th - 29th.   If you want to go ice fishing try the 8th through the 22nd , if there is any ice. 

February is National Adopt a Rescued Rabbit Month, American Heart Month, Marijuana Awareness Month, National Bird Feeding Month, National Cherry Month, National Grapefruit Month, and National Bake for Your Family Month.

The 2nd is Candlemas day as well as Groundhog Day.  It is the half way point through winter and also the beginning of housecleaning for spring. The 5th  is National Pancake Day. This year the 9th is the start of Mardi Gras.  The 12th is Lincolns Birthday, Darwin Day and also Plum Pudding day.  The 14th is Valentine’s Day as well as National Condom day, and for those who don’t celebrate Valentine’s Day, it’s also National Library Day. The 15th is Susan B. Anthony’s Birthday and also Presidents Day.  Tortilla Chip day is the 24th, National Pistachio day is the 27th.  National Public Sleeping Day is the 28th , have fun with that.

The February birth flower is the violet, which symbolizes faithfulness, humility and chastity.  African violets are being featured in many stores in February and make a good gift for a gardener.  The February birthstone is the Amethyst.

How the moon affects the weather

Interesting new research from the University of Washington and published in Geophysical Research Letters, confirms what many already believed, that the moon can affect earths weather. There are two common cycles of the moon that seem to affect weather.  One is the familiar phases of the moon, from new moon- when you don’t see a moon, ¼ moon- a crescent shaped moon,( dark on our left) full moon and the ¾ moon (a crescent moon dark on our right).  This cycle reflects how the moon is rotating on its axis.

The second kind of cycle involves where the moon is in its orbit around the earth.  This orbit is egg shaped and the moon is farther away from earth at some points and closer at others.  This is the apogee/perigee cycle.  The phases of the moon and the apogee/perigee cycle don’t always match up.

Moon rise, Yosmite, Matt Walker
At apogee when the moon is farthest from earth, the air pressure is lower, the temperature tends to be lower and rainfall slightly more frequent and heavier.  At perigee, the closest the moon is to the earth the air pressure rises, temperature rises and rain is lighter and less likely. That’s because the moons gravity is strong enough to create a bulge in the atmosphere, pulling it toward the moon. This increases the capacity of the atmosphere to hold moisture.  

Also research has found that there is more likely to be rain around the new or full moon although why that is isn’t certain.  And if the new or full moon is close to apogee, storms and/or precipitation may be even stronger. These cycles don’t cause a vast difference and there is no guarantee that your area will or won’t get rain or snow at a certain time.

I keep track of the weather on a special calendar so I decided it would be fun to check last year’s precipitation events against when new moon, full moon and when apogee, perigee occurred.  Scientists say the enhanced effect of the moon can occur a day before, day of, or day after the moon phase or location peak so that is what I included.

Here’s what I found – last year we had rain or snow close to the new moon 11 times out of 12. (None in September.)  It was generally the day after the  new moon. Precipitation around the apogee occurred 5 times, perigee 7 times, full moon 5 times. (There are times when the perigee or apogee is the same day as a new or full moon.) At apogee the weather turned colder 10 times out of 13 apogees in 2015.  In October the new moon and the apogee were a day apart and in the 3 day span we had our first frost and then rain.  I also chose a random day to check- the 10th of each month- and there was precipitation 5 times. 
Windcave National Park, by  Kadek Susanto

Now I just compared one year so who knows if that effect holds over time.  I have marked the calendar with the apogee and perigee points and the moon phases for each month this year, and it will be interesting to see if the trend continues.  In January this year we did have snow the day after the new moon (January 9th). In February the new moon is the 8th and the long range forecast predicts snow showers.  So if the trend is true expect rain/snow around the new moon and cooler temperatures around the apogee each month.

If you would like to try your own record keeping here’s how. Many calendars have the moon phases noted on them but you can get the moon phase and the apogee/perigee point at this site: http://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/moon/distance.html
Mark a calendar with the moon cycles and keep track of the weather.

Other effects the moon may have that have some scientific studies behind them include an increase in animal medical emergencies around the full moon,(Colorado State University, 2007) and a decrease in sleep quality and quantity in humans around the full moon. (University of Basel in Switzerland, 2013).

Gardening you can do in February

In Michigan in February the weather usually isn’t conducive to much outdoor gardening but people are getting the urge to garden as the days grow longer. There are some gardening activities that can be done in planting zones 6 and lower, however, to ease that longing we all share. Of course if you are a reader in the south your gardening options will be much greater.

If you need to find your gardening zone check this article.

Prune fruit trees.  On a mild day get out there with your pruning tools and get the job done.  Consult a good fruit tree pruning manual if you need instructions on how to do it.  You can prune other trees too, but don’t prune any spring flowering shrubs until after they have finished blooming. See the article below for pruning apple trees.

Check plants for damage.  We have had a lot of freezing and thawing this season.  In some cases this will cause plants to “heave”  or lift out of the ground.  Check perennial beds carefully and if you can re-plant any plants with exposed roots.  If when you find a “heaved” plant the ground is too hard to do this place a heavy layer of mulch or some thawed soil over the roots about 6 inches deep.  Mark the spot and re-position the plant in the soil as soon as possible. 

Check tree bases for gnawing on the bark if they are not protected.  Circle young tree trunks with wire mesh 3 feet high to stop damage.  Deer and rabbits may be munching on other landscape shrubs.  You may be able to cover them with netting to prevent further damage.
Girdling by rabbits.  

You may also want to look for frost splitting or cracking on thin barked trees.  When the sun shines on a trunk and it warms up the bark expands.  Then as night comes and the temperature falls the bark shrinks, and can crack. This is not good for the tree, allowing disease and insects to invade as well as looking bad. You can protect the sunny side of a tree by shading it with a board or wrapping the tree trunk in white plastic “tree wrap”.

Check stored bulbs and dormant plants- If you stored summer bulbs like canna or dahlias check them to see if they are drying out- shriveling – and add a little moisture to the packing material if they are.  If they are moldy or soft bring them out of storage.  Remove mushy parts and spread any remaining bulbs or root pieces out on dry newspaper in a warm, dark place for a few days.  Then return to storage after replacing any damp storage material with dry. 

If you have dormant plants in pots, check the soil to see how dry it feels.   Add a little water if the soil feels too dry.  It’s tricky keeping these plants at just the right stage of dormancy. You don’t want them to start growing too soon; they’ll get lanky and prone to insect attacks.  But you don’t want them to dry out beyond the point of no return either.  As the days get longer they will need a little more water.  If you do notice new growth it’s time to move the pots to the brightest light possible and resume watering.

Plant seeds, and start cuttings but use common sense.  Most plants should only be started about 6-8 weeks before they can be planted outside.  If you have a warm greenhouse this may not be as important but for those who start seeds under lights, in a windowsill or coldframe you should consider how long the young plants will be growing in these conditions before they can be planted. 

Plants that are held inside under less than ideal conditions will become leggy, and stressed. They are prone to disease and insect attacks.  And the larger they are the more indoor space they need.  It’s better to plant short, compact, healthy seedlings outside than long, pale floppy ones. Tomatoes and peppers, for example can’t be planted out until after the last frost which for zone 5-6 gardeners is about mid-May. Most seedlings should be 6-8 weeks old at transplanting time. Your tomato and pepper seeds should be started at the end of March- beginning of April.  Check the seed package, or check a reference to see how long before transplanting into the garden seeds should be started.

Seeds that should be started in February are those that grow slowly or that can be planted outside very early.  Seeds of geraniums, coleus, impatiens, violas, pansies, and of some perennial flowers can be started now.  Cuttings of geraniums and some other tender plants can be started.  You can also pot the bulbs of tuberous begonias, callas and caladiums to get them growing but wait on things like dahlias, glads and cannas, which will get too large before transplanting.

Here are some tips for starting seeds inside.

Ordering plants and seeds- This is the ideal time to get your seed and plant orders done.  If you wait too long you may not get some of the things you want. Check last month’s blog January 5th, for list of catalog links.

Check tools, paint and repair planters and other items.  Yes there are lots of little jobs and creative endeavors that can be done now, before you want to spend every waking hour outside.  Maybe you could build a birdhouse, repaint some old planters in a vivid hue, make some hypertufa troughs or a ceramic bird path.

How to prune an apple tree

This article discusses some general considerations for apple tree pruning.  To get the best quality fruit, apple trees need to be pruned and thinned.  It is always better to see the technique rather than to read about it.  In some areas classes are held in late winter to show homeowners how to prune fruit trees.  These are often sponsored by the local Extension office or a garden club. 

Pruning their apple tree is a daunting task to most homeowners and something that keeps many from trying to grow apples.  But homeowners with a little common sense and good tools should be able to prune their apple trees well enough to get good fruit results.

Apple blossoms.
Do you have to prune your apple trees?  Its true many apple trees will continue to set fruit each year regardless of whether they are pruned or not.  But in most cases the fruit will be smaller and the quantity less than if a tree is properly pruned.  Unpruned trees are hard to care for and even harder to pick apples from. 

If you do no other pruning keep any sprouts that come up from the ground or from the trunk below the graft cut off.  Almost all apple trees are grafted and these shoots come from the root portion of the graft, which is generally not a good eating apple.  These shoots are often very vigorous and will compete with the shoots from the top part of the graft for light and nutrients.

There are some variations in apple pruning styles and how to leave the shape of the tree but the method below is the most common one for homeowners with little pruning experience.  These instructions are for semi-dwarf and standard sized trees.  True dwarf trees need specialized pruning.  

Why Do Apple Trees Need Pruning?

If an apple tree was allowed to develop naturally it would still produce fruit.  The apples will be smaller and fewer though because the tree will be using a lot of energy to support all the branches.  Pruning opens up the tree so that apples developing in the center get sunlight and the airflow decreases disease problems. Pruning also controls the height of the tree so the homeowner can continue to pick the fruit and spray the trees easily.

Pruning should be done a little each year and not drastically in the year when you realize suddenly that you haven’t been taking care of the trees.  If the trees have been neglected and are quite large and overgrown it is better to take several years to get the trees back in shape rather than trying to do it all at once.

What Tools Are Needed?

To prune apple trees you will need hand pruners, loppers and a tree saw. If the tree is tall you may want a pole pruner.  All of these tools should be kept sharp. If you start when the tree is young you may not need a ladder, but if the tree has been neglected a ladder will be necessary.  It is a good practice to clean the tools with rubbing alcohol between trees. This keeps disease from spreading.

To prune old neglected trees you will probably need a chain saw.  You may also want someone to help you do it.

How to Begin

Pruning should begin the first winter after you plant your apple tree. Apple trees should always be pruned in late winter, before the tree begins to show green on the leaf buds. If this is the 2nd or 3rd winter of your apple tree’s life at your home you can also use these pruning suggestions.

Pruning cuts on smaller branches to shorten their length should be made just above a node, that’s the swollen area where a leaf or stem will develop. It should be at a slight angle, sloping downward and as close to the node as possible.  Pruning cuts on large branches that are being removed, or tiny branches sprouting off the trunk, should be made as close to the trunk or main branch as possible. The cuts do not need any pruning paint or sealer.   

During the first growing season, the small tree should have put out some vertical, (top), growth. Cut this back by about a third.  If two branches have grown strongly upright to form a forked top, one should be removed. You want one main trunk on your tree.  On older trees remove about a third of the height on the main leader, unless you want the tree to be taller.

An exception is if the tree did not grow much, if it’s less than a foot taller than when you planted it, or has grown less than a foot in the previous season, don’t remove any height.  If the tree hasn’t branched very much you may also want to wait until the next winter to prune it.

Remove damaged and broken branches and branches growing straight up, other than the main trunk or leader.  Remove branches that cross or rub on each other, (at least one of them). Remove branches that grow downward rather than out.  Remove branches that grow in toward the center of the tree.  The first winter there may not be a lot of branches that need to be removed.

Remove any branches that have grown out of the trunk lower than 2 feet from the ground or any below the graft union, which looks like a bulge on a small trunk. Remove any shoots coming directly out of the ground by the tree.

Now examine the small tree. The goal is to eventually have evenly spaced branches in a spiral pattern around the tree. This lets in sunlight.  Try not to have one branch directly over another and branches on the same level should be a few feet apart at their ends.

The main branches should join the trunk at an angle close to 90 degrees. This type of angle supports the weight of fruit better and is less likely to break in storms.  Branches growing out at a good angle seem to develop flower buds faster than those that go upward and produce more flowers.  Try to leave those branches when choosing which to prune or leave.

Small branches can be trained to grow at a better angle by using spreaders.  This works on branches less than pencil size in diameter.  A spreader is simply a piece of wood or plastic with a fork on each end.  One end goes against the tree trunk and the other against the limb and then is adjusted until it pushes the branch into a 90 degree angle with the tree.  An old fashioned wood clothespin can be clipped on the stem and used to spread tiny branches.  All spreaders should be removed the next winter when you go back to prune the tree.

Shorten the length of branches so that they follow a cone shape, with the lower branches being longer than the upper.  On these cuts go back to just above a leaf node.  The very lowest branches should be shortened to about 10 feet from the tree, if they are longer than that.

The next year you will follow pretty much the same pattern.  Remove a third of the top and remove any branches that are trying to become second leaders. Thin out branches so that they are in tiered levels, with the tiers about a foot apart and the branches in the tiers are not directly over a branch in the lower tier. Prune off small branches coming off the main branches that grow toward the inside of the tree.  Keep branches 10-12 feet in length from the trunk by cutting them back to a node if needed. They may need to be even shorter on smaller semi-dwarf trees.

When you look at a properly pruned apple tree it will look very skimpy next to an untrimmed tree, especially before it leafs out.  Don’t worry; this is the healthiest and most productive tree.

Always prune off water sprouts as soon as they develop, even during the growing season. These are small branches that grow on the trunk, below where the first level of branches is developing.  They may also sprout up out of the ground from the roots.

As the apple tree grows older continue this pattern.  When the tree reaches a certain height, say 12 foot, you may want to limit it to that height each year. This makes it easier to pick apples and spray the tree for disease and pests.

Trimming Old Neglected Trees

If an apple tree has been neglected for many years it is possible to bring it back into a more manageable state, but it will take time and effort.  Before you begin have someone examine the tree to make sure it is sound and healthy.  This is a job that you may want to have an experienced person do. The tree will not produce much fruit during this time. 

If you decide to do it yourself do not just lop the top off the tree.  It needs to be lowered slowly, 1/3 of the height and width, and about a third of the branches removed each year.  Large branches will probably require a chain saw for removal. Keep the tree well-watered and give it fruit tree fertilizer as the re-shaping progresses.

You know late winter will find you bored and longing to garden.  Pruning the fruit trees is an ideal task to get you outside and great for the trees too.  Here’s a video you might like to watch. http://www.thisoldhouse.com/toh/video/0,,20053952,00.html


Garlic news
Some of you may know this already, but science has confirmed that if you want to get the smell of garlic off your breath you should drink some milk, the fatter the milk the better. (Food Science and Technology at The Ohio State University).  For best results you should drink the milk while eating a garlic laced meal although drinking it after also helps. It seems the sulfur compounds in garlic that make it smell bind to milk fat.

Last month’s ACS' Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry reported that sprouted garlic is best if you are looking to get medicinal value from garlic.  Garlic is used to lower cholesterol, lower blood pressure and boost the immune system among other things. The new research found that letting old garlic bulbs sprout for 5 days, or using garlic seedlings greatly increased its antioxidant qualities.  Also sprouting garlic has different metabolites than the cloves, which may have their own helpful effects.

Growing violets and violas

Violets and violas can be weeds or flowers depending on your point of view.  But they are so pretty and easy to grow that every Michigan gardener should grow them. Violets and violas can be found both in gardening handbooks and in weed identification books, proof that one man’s weed is another man’s flower. These pretty flowers have been grown in gardens for centuries, even if they were never planted there! 
Viola

There are only slight differences in violets and violas and they belong to the same plant family.  Violet leaves are generally round or heart shaped.  Viola leaves are more oblong, and usually have serrated edges. Both violets and viola flowers have five petals and a flower “spur” or tube at the back which contains nectar.  Most violet flowers are very fragrant; some violas however, have little scent.  The flowers are favorites of bees and butterflies.  Many violets and violas also have markings on the petals that direct the pollinator to the honey spur, when they find the treasure they also pollinate the plant.  

Violets and violas also have another type of flower, rarely seen.  It generally appears at the base of the plant in the fall, has no petals and no scent.  It is thought to be pollinated by ground beetles and can produce many seeds.

Both violets and violas grow in many locations across the world, although most prefer cooler areas.  Many varieties escape cultivation and become pests.  But how can you dislike such perky invaders? 

Violets and violas make excellent, fast growing groundcovers in partial shade.  They can be planted in rock and alpine gardens.  They will quickly cover an area if you let them, so care and forethought should be used in selecting a site to plant them in.  Violets or violas make excellent container plants, good for cool season color.  

Care of violets and violas
Common violets and Labrador violets are hardy to zone 3- some varieties from Asia and southern Europe are not as hardy, so check the zone hardiness before planting.  They seldom need fertilization and are bothered by few pests or diseases. While they will grow in heavy shade, violets and violas both require at least a few hours of sunlight or dappled shade for the best bloom.  They will grow in sunny areas, if they are kept well-watered.

Violets and violas are usually purchased as plants.  They can be planted at any time of the year as long as they are kept moist.  Violas can also be started from seed.  The seed can be sown outside where they are to grow as soon as the soil can be worked.  Viola seed can also be started inside about 12 weeks before you want blooming plants.

While most violets and violas are considered perennials, individual plants are not long lived.  Most varieties of violets and violas, however, spread by rhizomes and seed quite happily, and after you plant them in a suitable place, you should have them for many years

Violets and violas bloom best in cool weather.  During hot weather they will quit blooming but will resume bloom again when the weather cools.  Keep dead blooms picked off to encourage a longer bloom time.

Some varieties

The common violet , viola odorata, appears in many color variations, even in the wild.  There are white, rose, bi-colored, blue and various shades of purple that we call violet.  This violet is also known as Sweet Violet, and during Victorian times many large flowered varieties were developed for cut flowers and for the perfume trade.  Some of these varieties still exist and are sold in specialty catalogs.  

Birds Foot Violet is native to North American woodlands.  It has a pretty lilac and white flower and oddly lobed leaves, said to resemble bird’s feet.   Another North American native, known as the Woods Violet, has yellow flowers.  The Labrador violet has pretty purple shaded foliage as well as tiny violet flowers and is hardy to zone 3.    

Johnny Jump Ups or Hearts- Ease have small yellow and purple flowers and are often found growing wild.  The cultivated variety is sold as ‘Helen Mount’.  ‘Skippy XL Red-Gold’ is a viola with bright red, gold and lavender flowers.   ‘Bilbo Baggins’ is a viola with pastel purple and yellow flowers, each marked with a dark center.  ‘Angel Tiger Eyes’ is a deep golden color with striking black veins and a black throat on each flower.  ‘Rebecca’ is a viola from Germany with nearly white, extremely fragrant flowers, which have a purple edge

The Asian violets or violas often have larger, more oblong leaves and the leaves are often quite striking in color.  ‘Silver Samurai’ has ruffled green foliage streaked with silver and light lavender flowers.  ‘Fugi Dawn’ has arrow shaped leaves touched with pink and cream, and deep blue flowers. 

 Other uses for violets

Common violet
The flowers and leaves of violets and violas are edible and make excellent additions to spring salads.  The flowers can be crystallized in sugar and used as decorations on cakes.  Both violets and violas had many medicinal uses in the past.  They are high in vitamin C and a compound called rutin.  Rutin is being studied for its beneficial effects on veins and arteries, making them more flexible and strong.   Violet water has long been used as a skin tonic.  

Violet and viola flowers lend their color and scent to many liquids, the flowers can be soaked in vinegar, or a light cooking oil and the resulting fluid used in cooking.  Wine is also made from violet and viola flowers.  Think what excitement a Michigan violet wine could cause!

Get outside and check for February flowers
Kim Willis
 “He who has a garden and a library wants for nothing” ― Cicero

Events, classes and other offerings
Please let me know if there is any event or class that you would like to share with other gardeners.  These events are primarily in Michigan but if you are a reader from outside of Michigan and want to post an event I’ll be glad to do it.

Do you have plants or seeds you would like to swap or share?  Post them here by emailing me.

Free seeds
I have these seeds that I collected from my garden that I am willing to share free.  Look at the list and if you would like some contact me at kimwillis151@gmail.com

I will tell you where to send a stamped self-addressed envelope for the seeds. If you want popcorn or black walnuts it will take several stamps.  I have published this list on the seed swap sites also.  I’ll try to give everyone who asks some until they are gone.

Lilies, a seed mixture of assorted hybrids, oriental- Asiatic- trumpet- Casa Blanca, Stargazer, La Reve, purple tree, yellow tree, Silk Road, more
Anise hyssop
Morning glory – common purple
Scarlet runner bean - few
Japanese hull-less popcorn
Hosta asst.of seed from numerous varieties- lots
Ligularia desmonda (daisy–like flower)
Ligularia rocket – spires of flowers
Yucca
Glad mixed
Zinnia mixed
Foxglove Dalmation peach
Calendula mixed
Baptisia blue
Jewelweed
Cleome white
Columbine mixed- small amount
Nicotiana small bedding type- mixed colors
Nicotiana sylvestris (woodland tobacco, Only the Lonely)
Daylily mixed
Kangaroo Paws orange
Hollyhock mixed
Black walnut- few hulled nuts

An interesting Plant Id page you can join on Facebook

Here’s a seed/plant sharing group you can join on Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/groups/875574275841637/


Growing Great Gardens – Saturday, March 12, 2016 - 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM - Heinz C Prechter Performing Arts Center, 21000 Northline Rd, Taylor, MI
Are you a "plant geek"? Ready for some inspiration? Calling all gardeners for a day of learning, food, prizes and fun at the 8th annual Growing Great Gardens. Enjoy renowned horticulture gurus Scott Beuerlein, Joe Tychonievich, Ed Blondin and Susan Martin. Lunch included. Master Gardeners can earn education hours, too! (5-6 hours, depending on whether you sign up for the BONUS class at lunchtime. Costs: $45 before 1/31. Lunch & learn class $10.
 More info- Phone: 888-383-4108


Grand Rapids Smart Gardening Conference 2016, March 5, 2016, 9 a.m. - 4 p.m. DeVos Place, Grand Rapids, Michigan

Several speakers on native plants, low impact/care gardening, pollinators.  More info-
                                                   
Cost: Early Bird Registration by Feb. 15, 2016 - $60, Late Registration - $70 Enrollment deadline is Friday, Feb. 26, 2016 or until full. Registration at the door is not available.
Contact: Diane Brady, bradydi1@anr.msu.edu, 616-632-786

Great Lakes Hosta College, March 18-19, 2016, Upper Valley Career Center in Piqua, Ohio.

Students attend 5 classes they have chosen from a program of over 70 classes taught by a faculty of approximately 50 volunteers. Mid-day each student has lunch from a delicious buffet included in the registration fee. At the end of the day students take a brief break and then return for a banquet and talk that concludes the Hosta College experience.

The vending area offers a large selection of plants (even though it may be snowing outside!), garden accessories, tools, and other garden-related merchandise for shoppers. The Bookstore features gardening books at fantastic discounts, stationery, society clothing items, and other Hosta College souvenirs. Persons who belong to one of the local societies with membership in the Great Lakes Region receive preferential registration and a reduced registration fee.  $42 registration fee for members, $55 registration fee for non-members.

To register or get class list go to http://www.ihostohio.org/portal/glhc/college.asp

Here’s a facebook page link for gardeners in the Lapeer area.  This link has a lot of events listed on it.

Here’s a link to all the nature programs being offered at Seven Ponds Nature center in Dryden, Michigan. http://www.sevenponds.org/

Here’s a link to classes being offered at Campbell’s Greenhouse, 4077 Burnside Road, North Branch. 


Here’s a link to classes and events at Nichols Arboretum, Ann Arbor
Here’s a link to programs being offered at English Gardens, several locations in Michigan.

Here’s a link to classes at Telly’s Greenhouse in Troy and Shelby Twsp. MI, and now combined with Goldner Walsh in Pontiac MI.

Here’s a link to classes and events at Bordines, Rochester Hills, Grand Blanc, Clarkston and Brighton locations

Here’s a link to events at the Leslie Science and Nature Center, 1831 Traver Road Ann Arbor, Michigan  | Phone 734-997-1553 |
http://www.lesliesnc.org/

Here’s a link to events at Hidden Lake Gardens, 6214 Monroe Rd, Tipton, MI

Here’s a link to events and classes at Fredrick Meijer Gardens, Grand Rapids Mi
http://www.meijergardens.org/learn/ (888) 957-1580, (616) 957-1580


Newsletter information
If you would like to pass along a notice about an educational event or a volunteer opportunity please send me an email before Tuesday of each week and I will print it. Also if you have a comment or opinion you’d like to share, send it to me. Please state that you want to have the item published in my weekly notes. You must give your full name and what you say must be polite and not attack any individual. I am very open to ideas and opinions that don’t match mine but I do reserve the right to publish what I want.
I write this because I love to share with other gardeners some of the things I come across in my research each week. It keeps me engaged with local people and horticulture. It’s a hobby, basically. I hope you enjoy it. If at any time you don’t wish to receive these emails just let me know. If you know anyone who would like to receive these emails have them send their email address to me.  KimWillis151@gmail.com