Monday, April 18, 2016

Outline- Perspectives About Non- Native plants

The following is the outline for the talk I gave on April 18, 2016 to the Lapeer Horticulture Society

Poor perspectives about non-native plants
Dames Rocket

One can repair an ecosystem to its original state by removing or preventing non-natives and planting only natives.

What’s original?  100 years,  500 years?  Disregards human influence, changes to soil, weather air quality  People have moved plants into the area since the land bridge.  Native americans imported crops from South and central America.  Change is constant in nature and one cannot re-create the past effectively

Native plants have evolved to be the best plants for a particular environment.

In any area evolution can only work with the species it has.  Without competition or stresses evolution is slower.  But evolution can work pretty fast too. When a better suited plant that evolved somewhere else gets introduced nature may make it the “queen”.  Nature likes success.   Often non-natives enhance environments and lead to more species coming to an area and diversity is always preferable

Non-native plants always cause the extinction of other species.

With the exception of islands and inland lakes, non-native plants do not cause extinction on their own.  In a few cases they may hasten extinction if changing environment is occurring.   Elimination of a species from a limited area doesn’t mean extinction of the species.  Animals, particularly insects are a different story.

Non-native plants disrupt the ecology and are bad for other species of plants and animals.

Its change, not disruption.  Many times non-natives enhance ecologies, in many cases there’s no effect.  Minor adjustments may need to be made.  Time usually makes things work out. Animals learn to utilize new food and shelter sources.

Pollinators prefer native plants and must have them to survive.

There are a few specialists, but native pollinators adjust to new sources of food easily. They will drink from human feeders, why not new flowers?  Even larvae food sources change.  Many butterflies/moths use non-native plants to lay on.  Many pollinators we are worried about are non-native themselves.   Should we get rid of honey bees? 

One should always remove non-native plants growing in the wild.

It’s not necessary to remove most non-natives.  Maybe  a few for health and safety.  Nature will sort it out.  There are judgement calls usually based on preference of humans.  We have the right and would be expected to by nature to defend ourselves from harm.  Man and other species both develop poisons to aid species survival.  But is losing oak trees or ash trees going to harm us?   

We should only plant native plants, they are always better for the environment.

That’s just not true. Some non-native plants complement the existing ecology.  When we talk about gardens especially, you should plant the best plant for the spot.  Gardens are not natural environments-humans change the whole equation. Pollinators love non-native plants, buddleia, petunias, various mints, autumn olive, dames rocket.  If you plant a garden of any species, you’ll help other species exist
People are always the cause for bringing non-natives into the environment.

We spend millions of dollars controlling non-native plants, therefore they are a threat.

We do spend millions but usually we are taking sides in a war- protecting one non-native over another.  Crop weeds, lawn pests- don’t these species and our use of them cause considerable damage to the environment?  Are we on the right side?  It’s like saying it cost us millions of dollars to conquer the first people, and that’s why they were a threat.  If we bring in a species for our own use and then have to battle native and non-native species with toxic chemicals and GMO should we then use that cost against non-natives?  Can our money be spent in better ways? 

Most non-native damage outside of lawn, garden and ag use is negligible, overestimated and anecdotal.  Japanese knotweed  doesn’t cause any more damage than trumpet vine.  Native species cause as much if not more damage, both in and out of gardens - it’s all perception.

Besides- non-native control is a big business from invasive biology students/workers/teachers/ researchers  to chemical companies like Monsanto and control companies like True green and Orkin the invasive/non-native war supports thousands of people, brings billions into the economy
Should we off set expenses for true needed controls against income generated?

In conclusion

Some non-native- and native species need to be controlled for the safety of our species.  Every species has the right to protect itself.  IE mosquitoes, dangerous diseases, In other cases we just don’t like the change or don’t want to see the loss of a species so we interfere with nature.   Those are the things we need to be more objective and less reactive about.  Nature has the remarkable ability to heal itself even from dramatic abuses such as Chernobyl.  We can’t predict the changes.  Nature creates new, novel ecosystems by re-arranging species.

If you want to create a Japanese garden in Michigan, its fine.  An English cottage garden- fine.  Plant trees and shrubs and flowers, all are better than planting nothing.  Don’t do anything illegal.  Try not to let non-native plants invade wild areas.  If you want to volunteer to pull dames rocket or autumn olive or garlic mustard fine but realize you are choosing one species over another, not helping nature.

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Better perspectives on non-native plants
Purple Loosestrife

Nature doesn’t recognize invasive plants, only successful ones.  She welcomes diversity and change.

Using the term “Invasive plants” is wrong -native plants can be as invasive and as economically devastating as non-natives.  Example- Trumpet vine vs Japanese knotweed. 

Using only native plants in your garden is the same as only using red flowering plants, or succulents , or herbs.  It’s a form of human selection of plants called gardening.

The best plant to plant is one that’s right for the conditions and right for the use you have in mind for it.

A garden should bring all sorts of cultures and types into peaceful harmony; it is the art of graceful assimilation.

There is little relationship between the amount of native flora in a garden or ecosystem and the animal life it supports.  The more diverse the ecosystem the more resilient and productive it is.

Those who advocate the elimination of   “invasive plants” often advocate bull dozers, chain saws and pesticides/ poisons to eliminate them – which is worse for our environment?

Multiflora rose
Non-native plants are often the plants we are trying to protect from other non-natives.  Examples- our crop plants, lawn grasses.   Some of those plants have harmed the natural ecology of the country far more than garden escapees and non-native weeds.   Why should humans determine which species is better than another?

Suggested Reading

Jay Gould examines the native plant concept

Native plant enthusiasm- ecological panacea or xenophobia?

Weed Whackers, Monsanto, glyphosate, and the war on invasive species

Non-native plants that  are great for pollinators

The true story of Kudzu, the vine that never ate the south
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/ist/?next=/science-nature/true-story-kudzu-vine-ate-south-180956325/

British Ecological Society (BES). "Native plants alone may not be the best option for pollinating insects in UK gardens." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 11 August 2015. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150811092048.htm.

University of York. "Non-native plants are 'not a threat' to floral diversity." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 23 March 2015. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150323150617.htm

American Journal of Botany. "Are invasive plants a threat to native biodiversity? It depends on the spatial scale." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 11 April 2011. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110408163917.htm.

Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature-  William Cronon

Invasion Biology: Critique of a Pseudoscience,- David Theodoropoulos,

The New Wild: Why invasive species will be nature's salvation, Fred Pearce

 An Evolutionary Perspective on Strengths, Fallacies, and Confusions in the Concept of Native Plants, Stephen jay Gould,

Novel Ecosystems: Intervening in the New Ecological World Order by Richard J. Hobbs , Eric S. Higgs , Carol Hall


Invasive Species: What Everyone Needs to Know - Daniel  Simberloff

Tuesday, April 12, 2016

April 12, 2016, Kim’s Weekly Garden Newsletter

April 12, 2016, Kim’s Weekly Garden Newsletter    © Kim Willis

Hi Gardeners

Yesterday was a nice day- I actually got outside to garden a bit.  Today is not so nice but a warmup is coming and I am ready!  I noticed dandelions and purple deadnettle blooming in the lawn today.  Most of my outside flowering plants had their blooms wilted and bedraggled looking but I see lots of buds coming on a variety of things and I doubt those were harmed. The pansies I planted earlier also had their flowers destroyed but the plants look ok.

A walk around the yard saw green buds and even tiny leaves on many things like barberry, honeysuckle, including the honeyberries, clematis, willows, and some of my roses.  Despite the cold recently my roses look like they don’t have much winter damage.  The common daylilies, the ditch lilies that I have a ton of around the yard, were up about 6 inches and they are showing some cold damage.  But I am sure it won’t kill them.

I have two new plants blooming inside which I am excited about.  One is Orange Jasmine, which smells like orange blossoms or jasmine and the other is Jamaican Lady of the Night, which smells like an Easter lily.  I love experimenting with new plants.  I have had these a year and they are not very big but I am hoping they get much bigger.

I filled and hung outside one of my hummingbird feeders as my records show that the hummers start arriving soon.  I need to get my jelly feeder out too. The birds are singing like crazy and on the warm days the frogs are too.

Growing great salad greens

If you are a gardener that is eager to plant in the spring why not start with salad greens? There is nothing tastier than a salad straight from the garden.  Salad greens can be planted early, while the soil is still cool.  They are easy and quick to grow and take up little space.  Salad greens are also an excellent beginning gardening project for children. 

Types of greens

Great salad greens include more than iceburg or head lettuce.  In fact, any other type of greens will give you more taste and nutrition and are easier for home gardeners to grow.  A mixture of greens including lettuces is often called a mesclun mix.  You can buy pre-mixed mesclun greens or mix your own with seeds from things you like.

Easiest of all greens to grow is leaf lettuce.  Leaf lettuce grows as single leaves on a stem and does not curl into a head.  It comes in various shades of green and red.  Some leaf lettuce has flat leaves but there are also frilly leaved and lobed leaf varieties.  Leaf lettuce can be planted outside a month before the last frost is expected and will be ready to harvest in as little as a month. Leaf lettuce is more nutritious than head lettuce, but the taste is a little different.  

Head lettuce or iceburg lettuce is the lettuce most familiar to people but the hardest lettuce for home gardeners to grow.  It makes round heads of pale green and yellow with a very mild taste.   It is low in nutrition compared to other greens.  Head lettuce needs a long season of cool days to make mild flavored heads.


Butterhead lettuce has leaves curled into loose heads.  The individual leaves are somewhat thicker than leaf lettuce.  They can be solid green or tinged with red.  The flavor is mild and crisp.  Thy have more nutrition than head lettuce and are a favorite of home gardeners.

Romaine or cos lettuce has leaves that grow more upright, with a heavier rib to each leaf.  The leaves in the center of the lettuce clump blanch to a creamy yellow.  They are excellent for Caesar salad.


Spinach is another easy to grow green for salads.  There are several types of spinach.  The oriental types have arrow shaped leaves.  Conventional spinach comes in flat leaf and savoy varieties.  Savoy leaves are deeply quilted or crinkled.  New Zealand Spinach is not true spinach, but very close in taste and it grows better in warm periods.

Both beets and turnips have greens that are very tasty in salad.  You can use whole baby plants you have thinned from the rows or pinch off leaves from plants you intend to eat the roots of later.  There are also varieties of beets and turnips that are grown primarily for the leaves that don’t form large roots.

Escarole/ endive have leaves similar to lettuce but thicker.  The taste is a little stronger.  Escarole tolerates both heat and cold.  Mustard comes in plain and frilly leaved varieties and has a somewhat “sharp” or pungent taste.  Kale has firm, upright leaves and also comes in red and green varieties. It makes a good fall crop.

Other greens include cress, chicory, arugula, purslane, pak choi, orach and sorrel.

Planting greens

Most salad greens like to grow in the cooler times of the year and benefit from early spring or fall planting.  They tolerate frost quite well.  Full sun is best in spring and fall but in the heat of summer an area that is shaded in the middle of the day would be ideal.  

Most greens should be sown directly where you want them to grow.  Firmly press lettuce seed down on the soil but don’t cover it, it needs light to germinate.  Cover the seed of other greens lightly.  Keep your greens moist until they germinate and keep them well watered while growing.   You may want to start the seeds of head lettuce inside and transfer plants outside. 

Greens are also good crops to grow in containers.  They need only 6-8 inches of soil and a few large pots can grow a good amount of greens.  Growing in pots can allow you to have greens close to the kitchen or to be able to move pots to other locations as the seasons change.

Greens should be sown in small quantities at three week intervals so you don’t have too much to harvest at a time.  They don’t take long to grow so they could be sown early where you will plant warm weather crops later.  They can also be sown between slow growing crops.

Greens appreciate nitrogen fertilizers.  A fertilizer for grass, with high nitrogen content but no weed killers will really give them a boost.    You can also use a garden fertilizer at planting.

Flea beetles, tiny black bugs that eat holes in the leaves and end up in your salad, are often a problem in plantings of greens.  The good news is that greens don’t need pollination to produce a crop so they can be covered to keep out bugs.  Use a really lightweight spun row cover and make sure it is well anchored at the ground.

Slugs and snails can also be a problem in plantings of greens.  You can cover the soil around the plants with a layer of diatomaceous earth or sand which often helps.   Raised beds or containers will also help.  Row covers don’t keep out slugs and snails all the time, but may help.

Harvesting greens

Pick the leaves of all greens when they are small and sweet.  As they get older they get tougher and bitter.  Keep the plants from going to seed as this tends to make the greens taste bitter also.  If you see the plant putting out a long, tall, narrow stalk it is a flower stalk and it should be snapped off. When it gets really hot any greens still growing can get a bit bitter.  You may want to pull out all the remaining plants and discard them on the compost pile.  In late August you can plant another crop for fall greens.

Head, romaine and butterhead lettuces are usually harvested as whole plants.  But you can snip or pull off leaves of romaine and butterhead lettuce and the plants will produce more leaves for a while anyway.  You can cut or pick leaves off leaf lettuce, spinach, kale, turnips, beets, mustard, escarole and the plants will keep producing more leaves.   If you want the roots of turnips and beets to develop then only harvest a few leaves from each plant. 

Growing your own salad is one of the great joys of gardening and greens take so little space and time that almost anyone can grow them.  Plant some today!

Mosquitoes, Zika virus and other considerations

Gardeners get bitten by mosquitoes, it’s a given.  And if you are a gardener you may be wondering if you should be concerned about Zika virus, which can be contracted through the bite of a mosquito.  In Michigan and much of the northeast the mosquitoes that carry Zika virus, Aedes aegypti and  A. albopictus are not yet common.  There are concerns however, that other mosquitoes may eventually carry it.  And with a warming climate these mosquitos may eventually work northward.

There are other mosquito carried viruses such as chikungunya, dengue, West Nile Virus, and several other encephalitis producing diseases, even malaria and yellow fever to be wary of too.  West Nile cases occur almost every year in Michigan. These diseases are serious, and can cause death.  As a gardener you should do all you can to prevent mosquitoes and to keep from being bitten by them.  This is not the time to trust your health to home remedies and mixes.  And it would be wise to support a mosquito control program in your county, even spraying with pesticides for adult mosquitoes.

To keep from getting bitten the CDC suggests using these products on your body and clothing. Products with DEET including Off!, Cutter, Sawyer, and Ultrathon brands.  Deet is the most studied insecticide in the world and has been used for over 40 years.  It is a synthetic chemical product but if label directions are followed it is extremely safe. 

Some other recommended mosquito repellants are products with Picaridin, also known as KBR 3023, such as Bayrepel, and icaridin, Cutter Advanced, Skin So Soft Bug Guard Plus. Products with IR3535 such as Skin So Soft Bug Guard Plus, (another formula), Expedition, and SkinSmart are also good.  Products with Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) or para-menthane-diol (PMD) such as Repel are fairly effective.


Along with repellant, wear long sleeves and pants when working in mosquito infested areas, especially at dawn and dusk and on cloudy days.  Some mosquitoes bite right through clothes so a repellant safe to use on clothing should be sprayed over clothing in high population areas.

You may want to avoid floral scents on your body and clothes and drinking alcohol before going out into mosquito areas.  Research has indicated these things attract more mosquitoes.

To prevent mosquitoes from hatching

Empty out all standing water around the home.  Mosquitoes need water to lay their eggs and it only takes 3-10 days to hatch and grow a new brood of mosquitoes.  Empty bird baths, pet dishes, stock tanks, and wading pools at least every other day.  Pick up or empty anything in the yard that holds water, such as toys or trash. 

Fill in low spots in the yard that hold water with soil.  Fill holes in trees that collect water with sand.

Clean clogged gutters.  Make sure rain barrels have a screened top or are treated with Bt.

Put screens on septic vents or other sewer vents.

If water cannot be emptied or drained treat the water with mosquito controls containing Bt, a natural organism that harms only mosquitoes.  You can find the doughnut shaped briquettes in garden stores.  Fish in ornamental ponds help control mosquitoes and Bt won’t hurt them.

Make sure all windows and doors have screens that are in good shape.

Getting rid of adult mosquitoes
Keep grass and weeds trimmed around homes and outbuildings.  Adult mosquitoes rest in vegetation during the day and you don’t want to encourage them. Weedy areas can be sprayed with insecticides like pyrethrins or 5% malathion to kill adult mosquitoes but such spraying also kills many beneficial insects.  Many counties have mosquito control programs but these generally spray along the roads.  You may want to spray around your home if it’s far from the road.

You have to weigh the pros of spraying pesticides with the cons of reducing helpful insects.  If mosquitoes are very numerous and diseases carried by mosquitoes have popped up in the area it’s probably wiser to spray.

What doesn’t work for mosquitoes

There are no plants that you can just sit on the patio or plant around the house that will effectively repel mosquitoes, despite all those advertising claims.  No objective studies have ever found a plant that will do that. NONE! The chemicals that repel insects must be extracted from the plants in some way and applied to the skin.  Even burning the chemicals in a candle or as incense has little effect.  Most studies find that burning a plain candle is just as effective as burning a citronella one. 

The citrosa plant (Pelargonium citrosum ‘van Leenii’) sometimes advertised as Mosquito plant, Mosquito Shoo, and other assorted names, is useless as a mosquito repellant.  No plant repels mosquitoes just by sitting near you.  This plant is actually a scented leaved geranium and it does have a very small amount of citronellol in it just as many other plants do.  You would have to crush the leaves and rub them on your skin for it to have even the most fleeting effect.

Thousands of these plants are sold each year, even though they don’t work and don’t even have a pretty flower or form to redeem them.  Common Lemon Balm has 3-4 hundred percent more citronellol than Citrosa, but don’t expect it to repel mosquitoes.

Citronella has some repellant properties.  The problem with using citronella as an insect repellent is that it must be used in a very strong concentration and the effect wears off quickly.  Citronella is only effective if applied to the skin.  That causes another problem, many people are allergic to strong concentrations or their skin becomes irritated.  Citronellol is absorbed through the skin and some studies are linking exposure to the chemical to liver damage and cancer.

Most citronella products you buy at the store are so diluted that they contain almost no active ingredient.  It is a waste of money to buy citronella oil or candles to burn unless you just like the smell.  No other products you burn to make smoke are any more effective.

Some plants have chemical ingredients that when extracted, do have mosquito repellant properties.  The problem is that the active ingredients are costly and hard to extract or they have some serious side effects.  A chemical found in mints for example, is effective as an insect repellant but some studies have found kidney damage and genetic damage when it is used. 

Using essential oils and other home concocted mosquito repellants may have a fleeting repellant effect.  They wear off rapidly and need to be re-applied frequently.  And because they are “natural” does not mean they are safe.  Many of these home concoctions have oils and other extracts that have serious side effects. You don’t want to avoid mosquitoes by getting liver or kidney failure.

Other things that do not work to control mosquitoes are ultrasonic devices and light traps.  Some traps using carbon dioxide and pheromones show promise but are expensive and each trap appeals to different species of the hundreds of mosquito species in the US.  They haven’t been very effective on many species of mosquitoes that are most likely to carry diseases.

In short – don’t trust your life to these home remedies and so called natural repellants.  Use something with proven, scientific based research backing it up, not just some claim by a salesperson.  Because it’s what’s at stake- your life.

Butterfly Gardens

Cabbage butterfly on asters.
Gardeners generally love butterflies (well except for the few who actually damage our garden plants) and want to attract more butterflies to the garden. There are some interesting and beautiful moths that are also fun to watch.  It’s more than choosing plants for butterflies and moths to sip nectar from; it’s also about providing plants for them to lay their eggs on and their caterpillars to eat.

All butterflies and moths lay eggs that turn into caterpillars, which then spin a pupae case or cocoon and then emerge from that as a butterfly.  The caterpillars or larval stage of butterflies and moths can be very destructive because they will be feeding on the plant they hatch on and maybe others nearby. However only a few species of butterflies and moths cause long term damage or death to their host plants.  Adult butterflies and moths don’t live very long, a few months at most.  They usually don’t cause any damage and are helpful pollinators of many plants.

You don’t have to plant only native plants to attract butterflies and moths.  While there are a few specialists who only prefer one “host” plant (the plant they lay eggs on) many butterflies accept several host plants and most visit a number of plants for nectar.  Some of our butterflies are themselves introduced species so they are flexible in food and egg laying resources.  When glancing through any butterfly and moth identification guide you’ll often notice that many of the plants that they prefer to get nectar from or lay eggs on are non-native, common weeds or garden flowers.


Many butterflies prefer flowers that have flat surfaces, or have short nectar tubes although a few butterflies and moths are drawn to flowers with long tubes.  Butterflies and moths seem drawn to colorful, bright flowers like yellow, orange, red and pink.  Some also like purple or blue flowers. Scent in flowers is not as important as it is for bees. Night flying moths prefer white flowers. Some butterflies and moths don’t eat at all as adults, some only sip at mineral enriched mud, some prefer rotten fruit or sap, and some are even carnivorous.  And even in this advanced scientific world we don’t know what nectar plants and host plants that some of the rarer species of butterflies and moths prefer.

You probably won’t be able to attract all the butterflies and moths that exist in your state to your garden, because some butterflies and moths prefer plants that themselves like to grow in a specialized environment like a bog or beach.  And some butterflies and moths may actually be unwelcome on your property, like the pretty sphinx moth who lays eggs on your tomatoes that turn into ugly tomato hornworms and the cabbage butterfly who lays eggs on your cabbage and broccoli that turn into little green cabbage worms. But many gardeners do want to attract as many kinds of non-harmful butterflies and moths as possible. 

When you want to attract butterflies and moths to your garden you should provide colorful nectar flowers in larger patches of the same color, rather than as individual dots of color here and there.  Host plants for caterpillars should also be in patches.  One large buddleia can provide a good patch of color but for maximum attraction you’d want to plant a lot of marigolds for example, of about the same color. 

Butterflies seem to prefer flowers in the sun, although they sometimes visit shade flowers.  A patch of mud, especially with a little manure mixed in, and some soft fruit like a mushy banana, a slice of melon, soft strawberries on a plate somewhere can increase the number of species attracted to your garden.  But beware soft fruit can attract bees and hornets as well as flies.

Butterfly feeders also exist in which you place sugar water like a hummingbird feeder but they are not that effective in attracting butterflies and will attract a lot of bees, hornets and ants too.  It’s probably best to stay natural with plants.

There are some plants that will attract the maximum number of harmless butterflies and moths in a list below.  These are plants that a number of species use.  Some may be both nectar sources for adult butterflies and moths and host plants for caterpillars.  A good identification guide will often tell you if a rare species of butterfly or moth has been seen in your county and what host and nectar plants it prefers.  You may be able to add these plants to your garden also. 
Tiger swallowtail on calibrachoa

If you wish to attract butterflies and moths you’ll have to decide if you are willing to tolerate some plants that are considered weeds and that may not be very attractive to the human eye.  You can choose only pretty garden flowers but that will limit what species are attracted.  One idea is to let one area of your property grow the weedy plants, maybe one that can be hidden a bit.

Plants that might attract butterflies or moths but those butterflies or moths would be unwelcome, such as cabbage, aren’t mentioned.  Try to add as many of the listed plants to your garden as possible, remember patches of the same plant are better than singles. The plants on the list below are chosen for Michigan and surrounding states but many are good for other places as well.

Butterfly plants
Anise hyssop
Asters, native species and cultivars
Baby’s breath
Baptisia
Bee balm- monarda, all kinds- bergamot
Bearberry
Beech
Beggars Ticks- bidens- any kind
Black eyed Susans, rudbeckia species
Blackberries
Blueberries
Black cherry, choke cherries
Black locust
Bog rosemary (Andromeda glacophylla)
Boneset
Buddleia
Burdock
Buttonbush- Cephalanthus occidentalis
Calibrachoa (Million bells)
Campion
Catnip
Ceanothus  sanquineus (wild lilac)
Cheese mallow
Clovers of all kinds- gardeners may want some of the ornamental crimson/reds
Columbine, all kinds
Crown vetch
Currants
Daisies of any kind, wild and domestic
Dames Rocket
Dandelions
Dill
Dogbane
Fireweed
Fleabane
Grasses- native and non-native, bluestem, bentgrass, Bermuda, beardgrass, lovegrass, panic grass and others – many butterflies, skippers and moths that favor grasses are pretty but pests.
Goldenrod
Gooseberry
Hawkweed, orange and yellow
Hollyhocks
Honey locust
Honeysuckle, native and non-native
Hops
Iris versicolor
Ironweed
Joe Pye Weed
Knapweed
Unknown butterfly on Dames Rocket
Knotweed
Labrador Tea
Lambsquarters
Lantana
Leadplant
Lobelia
Lupines
Pearly everlasting
Phlox, both native species and domesticated cultivars
Pigweed
Plantain
Mapleleaf viburnum
May apple
Milkweed- Butterfly weed- ascleplias any kinds
Mints of any type
Mustard/rape, Brassica kaber
Nettles (Urtica species)
New Jersey tea
Oaks – native species
Oregano
Passionflower
Paw Paw
Prickly Pear cactus
Privet
Purple loosestrife (yes many butterflies like it)
Purslane
Queen Anne’s Lace
Redbud
Rockcress
Sassafras
Self-heal
Senna (cassia)
Sheep sorrel (Rumex)
Shrubby cinguefoil (Potentilla) all kinds
Spicebush
Staghorn sumac, other sumacs
St. Johns wort
Monarch on Milkweed
Strawberries, all kinds
Sunflowers, all kinds
Teasel
Tickseed
Toadflax
Thistles, bull, Russian, all kinds
Vervain
Vetches, all kinds
Violets, all kinds
Wild plum, Prunus americana
Willows
White pine
Wisteria, native or Chinese
Yarrow- all types
Zinnias

This is not a complete list of all the plants that butterflies utilize.  Many tropical plants put outside in summer also attract them and many other annuals and perennial flowers get at least some attention from them.  A colorful garden with a variety of species and letting the garden edges go a little wild will do wonders to attract butterflies and moths.

Sugar doesn’t belong in the garden

As spring planting season arrives I am seeing and hearing planting recommendations that make me cringe a bit.  One of these is to put sugar in planting holes, or pots or to sprinkle sugar or jello with sugar around seedlings.   Now this idea may have started when people hear that plants need sugars to grow or that they transport sugars through their leaves and stems and store sugars in their roots.  However using table sugar or products with table sugars in the garden to help plants grow is pure hogwash, to put it politely.

Plants make their own sugars.  They do not take up sugar from the soil through their roots.  They do not absorb it through their leaves. It will not make them grow faster or taste better. Sugar does not kill pests or stop diseases.  It will not “sweeten the soil”- that term means to make the soil more alkaline, which does not happen from sugar, but rather from lime, and all soil does not need “sweetening”.  You need a soil test to see if your soil is too acidic or alkaline.

The only thing putting sugar in the ground or on a plant does is attract pests, from ants to coons.  And in eating that sugar the pests often damage plants.  Sugar can cause mold and fungal growth if the pests don’t get to it first.  It may change the beneficial soil microorganisms.  In short there is no reason to put sugar in your garden.  It’s as bad for your plants as it is for you.

Get ready- real spring is here
Kim Willis
 “He who has a garden and a library wants for nothing” ― Cicero

Events, classes and other offerings
Please let me know if there is any event or class that you would like to share with other gardeners.  These events are primarily in Michigan but if you are a reader from outside of Michigan and want to post an event I’ll be glad to do it.

Do you have plants or seeds you would like to swap or share?  Post them here by emailing me. You can also ask me to post garden related events. Kimwillis151@gmail.com

An interesting Plant Id page you can join on Facebook

Here’s a seed/plant sharing group you can join on Facebook

Invitation
If you are a gardener in Michigan close to Lapeer we invite you to join the Lapeer Area Horticultural Society. The club meets once a month, 6:30 pm, on the third Monday at various places for a short educational talk, snacks and socializing with fellow gardeners. No educational or volunteer requirements for membership, all are welcome. Membership dues are $20 per year. Come and visit us, sit in on a meeting for free. Contact susanmklaffer@yahoo.com  Phone 810-664-8912

New-Lapeer Area Horticulture Society, Plant and Garden Sale,  May 7, 2016  8 am - 4 pm at Siciliano's,  1900 North Lapeer Road, Lapeer.  A variety of plants and garden items from LHS members will be for sale.  Please stop and shop.

New- A new way of looking at “invasive plants”. I will be speaking at the Lapeer Horticulture Society meeting April 18, 6:30 pm, Mayfield Township Hall, Lapeer.  I’ll be exploring some of the new research that suggests we are not thinking about non-native plants correctly. Most non-native plants are not our enemies or the ecological problem we think they are.  Come and listen.  If you need directions call the number above for the Lapeer LAHS secretary.

Companion Planting” Tue, April 19, 6:30-7:30pm, MSUE Assembly Room, 21885 Dunham Rd # 12, Clinton Township, MI
Mary Gerstenberger will discuss friend & enemy plants. Sponsored by Macomb County Master Gardener Association MCMGA meeting to follow- $5.

Heritage Peonies: Beautiful Then, Glorious Now Fri, April 22, 9:15am, Meadow Brook Hall, 480 South Adams Road, Rochester MI
A talk about heritage peonies and how to grow them, featuring guest speaker Dr. David C. Michener. Sponsored by Meadow Brook Garden Club $5. 2483646210.

2016 Educational Gardening Conference, Sat, April 23, 8 am – 4:15 pm, Oakland Schools Conference Center, 2111 Pontiac Lake Rd, Waterford Twp, MI
Keynote Speakers: Karen Bussolini,(Jazzing Up the Garden),  Ellen Ecker Ogden, (The Art of Growing Food), Barry Glick (Woodland Wonders from the Wild). Garden marketplace, entertainment and more.         
Sponsored by Master Gardener Society of Oakland County, Inc.  $80. No registration at the door.  Registration brochure at http://www.mgsoc.org/2016_ConferenceRegistrationColor.pdf

Attracting Bees & Maintaining Beehives, Thu, April 14, 1pm, Burgess-Shadbush Nature Center Utica, Mi.
 The Shelby Garden Club presents bee keepers Mary Jo Showalter & Joanne Gartner for a quick session on attracting bees and beginning beekeeping. FREE   For more info call - 586-873-3782..


Here’s a facebook page link for gardeners in the Lapeer area.  This link has a lot of events listed on it.

Here’s a link to all the nature programs being offered at Seven Ponds Nature center in Dryden, Michigan. http://www.sevenponds.org/

Here’s a link to classes being offered at Campbell’s Greenhouse, 4077 Burnside Road, North Branch. 

Here’s a link to classes and events at Nichols Arboretum, Ann Arbor
Here’s a link to programs being offered at English Gardens, several locations in Michigan.

Here’s a link to classes at Telly’s Greenhouse in Troy and Shelby Twsp. MI, and now combined with Goldner Walsh in Pontiac MI.

Here’s a link to classes and events at Bordines, Rochester Hills, Grand Blanc, Clarkston and Brighton locations

Here’s a link to events at the Leslie Science and Nature Center, 1831 Traver Road Ann Arbor, Michigan  | Phone 734-997-1553 |
http://www.lesliesnc.org/

Here’s a link to events at Hidden Lake Gardens, 6214 Monroe Rd, Tipton, MI

Here’s a link to events and classes at Fredrick Meijer Gardens, Grand Rapids Mi
http://www.meijergardens.org/learn/ (888) 957-1580, (616) 957-1580


Newsletter information
If you would like to pass along a notice about an educational event  please send me an email before Tuesday of each week and I will print it. Also if you have a comment or opinion you’d like to share, send it to me. Please state that you want to have the item published in my weekly notes. You must give your full name and what you say must be polite and not attack any individual. I am very open to ideas and opinions that don’t match mine but I do reserve the right to publish what I want.

I write this because I love to share with other gardeners some of the things I come across in my research each week. It keeps me engaged with local people and horticulture. It’s a hobby, basically. I hope you enjoy it. If at any time you don’t wish to receive these emails just let me know. If you know anyone who would like to receive these emails have them send their email address to me.  KimWillis151@gmail.com


Tuesday, April 5, 2016

April 5, 2016, Kim’s Weekly Garden Newsletter

April 5, 2016, Kim’s Weekly Garden Newsletter    © Kim Willis

Hi Gardeners

Begonias
It’s Tuesday and once again the weather is about to change- how many times have I said that?  Tuesday must be the day of change around this part of the country.  It’s nice and sunny today but just above freezing and we have a winter weather advisory for tonight as we get snow, sleet, rain, and then more snow through tomorrow.  It’s mild and rainy for a day the back to cold for a few days.  Ugh and more ugh.  But we had 2 inches of snow on this day last year so I guess it’s not unusual.

I have been patient but with phenology timing running about two weeks ahead of last year I decided to plant the flat of pansies I had on the porch for the last 2 weeks a few days ago. Poor things, I hope they survive.  Some daffodils bloomed in my garden just before the rain last week, now they are limp and water soaked.  I’m glad the main crop of daffs and tulips have not yet bloomed. 

People have been telling me about their magnolias blooming and the flowers being ruined too.  It’s a shame but nature does what it does.  I thought I would get a bunch of seeds started in my new lean to greenhouse this weekend but decided to wait.  I did sit at the kitchen table and plant some seeds though.  I left them inside for now- hopefully by the time they sprout and need more light it will be warm enough in that unheated greenhouse to put them out there. 

I started seeds of cerinthe, more hosta’s, moonflowers, eucomis, annual phlox,  heuchera, foxglove and a mystery seed I forgot to label as I collected it last year.  The daylilies, oriental lilies, petunia exserta, hosta, and a few other things I started earlier are growing well but I need more space for them.   Many of the things I planted are experiments, to see what nature bred on her own in the garden.  

I had plans to start lettuce and peas this week- but that’s on hold. Hopefully next week.  I do have some new blooms happening inside- my orange jasmine is starting to bloom,  and one of my new hibiscus, its only about a foot tall, has a bud.

Speaking of seeds-I still have hosta, lily, Ligularia desmonda (daisy–like flower), Ligularia rocket – spires of flowers,  Baptisia blue, cleome white, hollyhock, rose of Sharon, yucca, anise hyssop and morning glory seeds left to share, free.  Just contact me and I’ll tell you where to send a stamped self-addressed envelope.

I am getting tons of catalogs now for bulbs to plant in the fall.  I’m sure they do that because people are seeing bulbs blooming in other people’s gardens and wanting some.  Personally I don’t have money to spend now on bulbs for fall because I’m spending all I can on spring plants!  But come fall I’ll be ordering more I’m sure.  I’m getting excited to see what I planted last fall bloom.

New gardeners keep asking where they can get tulips or daffodils to plant and while you can find flats or pots of them in some nurseries now, these spring bloomers are best purchased and planted in the fall.  Planting them in bloom gives instant satisfaction, but isn’t the best way to get them growing in your garden.

I just had a neighbor ask me to dig up some daffodils to give her and last year a neighbor wanted me to share some tulips when they were in bloom.  The tulips were expensive ones I had just planted the fall before, and there were only a few of them.  I told the gentleman how he could order tulips but he pouted a bit.  I told the neighbor that wanted the daffodils I would dig some for her in the fall, but I wasn’t disturbing my beds now because I didn’t want to damage any perennials in the beds that hadn’t sprouted so I knew where they were.  Besides, those bulbs do better when planted in the fall. 
Early tulips 2015

I am generally happy to share plants with people when I can.  People stop and I give them a bristly locust, or a catalpa seedling, or daylilies or other things. However there is a best time and place and a limit as to what I want to part with.  I had one woman I didn’t know stop and tell me her daughter bought a house down the street and needed some plants for the yard.  What did I have to share?  I gave her daylilies, hollyhocks, a lilac, a hosta, evening primrose, phlox and a few other assorted things.  I started to wrap them in newspaper but she wanted containers so her car wouldn’t get dirty.  I found some containers. 

The next day I saw her car in the driveway, went outside and saw her with a shovel in my front flower bed starting to dig by a caryopteris (a shrub) that was in bloom.  I asked her what she was doing and she said she was just going to take a little “start” off the shrub.  Well, we had a little talk.  I told her that all plants couldn’t be divided like that, especially things like shrubs and trees.  And I told her to never dig up anything in my yard without permission.  She left in a huff. 

Most people are very nice when they ask for something and really grateful when you share.  I’ve had some wonderful plants given to me too.  Sharing is a great part of gardening.  But some things can’t be divided, some things resent disturbance and there are some things a gardener just may not want to share.  

If you are looking for plants its fine to ask another gardener if they have some to share.  Just be understanding if they don’t want to share or ask you to wait until a better time.  Try going to plant sales and swaps too.  On that note the Lapeer Horticulture Society is having a plant sale May 7, 2016, from 8 am - 4 pm, at Siciliano's, 1900 North Lapeer Road, Lapeer.  Stop by and get some inexpensive plants from other gardeners.

April almanac
April’s full moon is April 22nd and is known as the Pink moon, egg moon or grass moon. The perigee and new moon fall on the 7th and the moon apogee is a day before full moon, April 21st.   If you garden by the moon the best time for planting above ground crops in April is 12th -13th and you can plant underground crops from April 4th -5th and 23rd.  

Holidays in April are Golfers day the 10th , National Pecan Day 14th, National Garlic Day 19th, Earth Day 22nd ,  Executive Administrative day and Zucchini bread day the 23rd,  Arbor day 25th, International Astronomy Day the 28th .

April is National Lawn and Garden Month as well as Keep America Beautiful month.   It’s also National Humor month, National Pecan month and National Poetry month.  April’s birthstone is the diamond and the birth flower is the sweet pea.  In the language of flowers the sweet pea means either goodbye or blissful love, depending on who’s translating I guess.

April Gardening

April is the beginning of planting season in zones 5-6, while we may still have snow showers there are many things that you can and should get started growing.  April days are generally warm enough to work outside comfortably but be aware that if we have a wet April some areas of the lawn and garden should be avoided so that foot traffic and equipment don’t compact the soil. 

If you start your tomatoes, peppers and other warm crops from seed now is the time to plant them inside.  They’ll be just about the right size for planting outside after the last frost.  You can also start annual and perennial flowers that take a long time to bloom now inside.  By the middle to near the end of April these seedlings can be moved to a coldframe or unheated greenhouse as long as temperatures are above freezing.  

Pot up your dahlias, canna’s and glads now in a warm place if you want to have early flowers. (If your tuberous begonias haven’t already been planted, you should get them planted too.)  You should have a good sunny spot that stays above 45 degrees if you do this.  Otherwise wait until later in the month or early in May for planting inside an unheated greenhouse – or until after the last frost when they can be planted directly in the garden. 

If you are holding plants like horticultural geraniums, semi-tender bulbs in pots, brugmansias, herbs and so on in a dormant state, now is the time to get them growing.  Move them to a bright, warm spot and water with warm water.  When new growth appears give them some liquid fertilizer or work some slow release  fertilizer into the soil in the pot.  You’ll need to gradually acclimate them to outside conditions when the weather warms up outside.  Some can go out before the last frost but most semi-tender plants should wait until late May here in zone 5-6.

In the vegetable garden you can plant peas, kale and lettuce in early April, as soon as the soil can be worked.  Frost and even light snow won’t hurt them.  You may want to get the seeds germinated in a coldframe or unheated greenhouse and then move them to the garden, especially if early April remains very cool.

By mid to late April you can also plant spinach, radishes, beets, onion  sets and plants, carrots, turnips, cabbage, broccoli and Brussel’s sprouts as seeds or plants.  You can plant asparagus and rhubarb roots also. Strawberries, raspberries and other brambles, and grapes in a dormant stage can be planted in mid to late April.


Dormant perennials can be planted now, the bare root plants you mail order and plants you get from local nurseries that have been kept in open, natural conditions and don’t have much new growth.  Don’t hold dormant plants too long in the house after buying them.  If they begin new growth inside because of the warmth they may have a hard time adjusting to chilly spring temps outside.  If dormant plants are supposed to be hardy in zone 5-6 then they can be planted in a dormant state as soon as the ground is thawed.

Be more careful with greenhouse grown perennials which have lots of new growth or that may even be in bloom.  An April snow or heavy frost may damage or kill these.  Use established garden plants growing nearby to make your decisions. If the new plant has the same amount of growth as older established plants of the same species growing outside you can probably plant it safely.  For example hostas that are just furled shoots peeking above ground are probably safe to plant in the garden in early April, plants with a few small leaves in late April.  But wait until May to plant large, fully leafed out hostas in the garden in zones 5-6.

The greenhouses will be filled with flowering annual plants in April but only a few bedding plants are ready for outside planting in April, even if we have a really warm stretch of weather.  Frosts and freezes are common in April.  Some plants that will survive light frost in the fall won’t survive it in spring if they have come from nice warm greenhouses.  However pansies and violas can be planted in containers and beds in early April.  Calendula, diascia, and snapdragons can probably be planted from mid to late April.  Be patient and wait until mid-May for the rest of the container and bedding plants.

It’s an excellent time to plant grass seed, whether patching bare spots or re-seeding the entire lawn.  Grass seed likes cool, wet conditions to germinate.  Work the soil up lightly in bare areas before sowing seed.  Areas for new lawns should be tilled and raked smooth.  If the area where grass seed is being sown is sloped you will need to cover the area with chopped straw or special netting sold for this purpose to keep spring rains from washing the seed downhill.

April is a great month to plant dormant trees and shrubs, whether bare root or potted.  As long as the soil is thawed you are good to go.  It’s an especially good month to do re-forestation projects where you will be planting small seedlings.  You won’t have to cut through as much vegetation to plant and the trees generally get enough moisture from April rains to start growing well.


Don’t forget the houseplants

In the rush to get growing outside we may neglect the houseplants.  They may be putting out lots of new growth and sun and warm temperatures may make the pots dry out faster.  Check to see if they need water more frequently and if you haven’t fertilized yet, you may want to start. 

Some plants that have been doing great on the windowsill may now be getting too much strong sun and the leaves will scorch.  Move them back from the windows just a few inches.  You may want to rotate plants so all the new growth doesn’t appear on the window side of the plant. 

House plants also tend to have more pest problems in spring.  Watch for scale, aphids and white fly.  If you need to treat plants with pesticides you may want to move them on to the porch or deck on a warm day that isn’t windy, spray with pesticides and let them dry before moving them back inside. 

Other good garden chores for April

It’s a good time to do heavy work like spreading mulch, building raised beds, making paths, moving rocks and putting up fences and trellises. Clean out bird baths and garden ponds.  Just make sure the soil is dry enough so that you don’t make deep ruts or compact the soil as you are working.  Clean your tools and shop for new ones if needed.  Check the lawn mower and other equipment.

April is a good month for fertilizing.  Plan to fertilize just before a spell of rainy weather for best results.  Lawns, emerging perennials, trees and shrubs all benefit from April fertilization.  Work compost into vegetable garden beds but don’t add manure now.

April is a good month for dividing and transplanting most perennials. Wait until after iris and peonies bloom to divide them.  If you need to re-work a garden bed so plants have more room, or need to remove or add plants April is a good time to do it.  Remember that plants look smaller in April.  It’s easy to plant too closely or decide things don’t need dividing or removal.  If you have good photos of the garden in a mature stage or good notes from the previous season to refer to it always helps.  Also read plant tags and catalog descriptions for recommendations on plant spacing.

Put out the hummingbird and oriole feeders and help the bees too

When you put out a hummingbird or oriole feeder you also feed the bees, especially in early spring when few things are flowering.  (If you are afraid of bees or allergic to stings don’t hang feeders close to the house.)  Since we are trying to boost bee populations putting your hummingbird feeder out early in April can help early pollinators survive.  If your feeder has bee guards you may want to remove them until later in the spring.  Some people are now hanging a syrup feeder close to the ground for bumble bees and other pollinators in early spring, who are looking there for early flowers.  

Hummingbirds and orioles usually return sometime in April.  Flowering plants are usually scarce and these birds really appreciate a little help from feeders.  Feeding them early will make them more likely to stick around and nest in your area.   You may have to bring in feeders if a hard freeze is predicted but sugar does lower the freezing point of the nectar solution. 

For hummingbirds use only plain sugar and water in feeders, never honey, corn syrup, or artificial sweeteners.  Boil 3 cups of water and dissolve one cup of plain sugar in it.  Let it cool and fill the feeders.  You can freeze the excess and melt it in the microwave when needed. You don’t need red dye or flavorings either and these can be harmful to hummers.  If the feeder structure isn’t colored red a small dab of red nail polish or paint near a sipping port will draw the hummers.  You can also attach a red silk flower to the feeder as long as it doesn’t block a sipping port.

Orioles can be fed with nectar too but they need perches on feeders and larger feeding ports.  A better way to feed them is to use cheap jelly, grape will do or any other flavor.  The jelly can be in a dish under a roof to keep out rain, or cute jelly feeders can be purchased.  Orioles are also attracted to fruit like a half of an orange stuck on a nail cut side up or grapes.

Get the bird houses out- and keep the bird feeders filled

Bird houses should be placed around your property in April before birds begin nesting.  You may want to clean out existing bird houses.  Keep those feeders filled including the suet holders.  In the spring you may see unusual species of birds at the feeder as they migrate through.  Pairs may be tempted to nest where they feel there’s a good food source.  Some early nesters may even use the seed and especially your suet to feed new babies.

Growing Sweet Peas (Lathyrus odoratus)

The lovely sweet pea was widely grown in English gardens in earlier times and are still more popular there than here.  However, if you have a cottage garden some of these fragrant old fashioned beauties are sure to be a hit. If you are into nostalgia or heritage plants sweet peas will also charm you.  They are fairly easy to grow and come in a wide range of colors.  While sweet peas are related to garden peas, their pods and peas shouldn’t be eaten but only admired.

Sweet Pea
Sweet peas are native to the Mediterranean and Aegean Islands.  The wild sweet pea is lavender in color and fragrant but early English and Scottish gardeners worked with the plants to develop a wide range of colors and to intensify the fragrance.  Cultivated varieties also have larger flowers than the native plants.  A Scotsman named Henry Eckford, was famous for developing many sweet pea varieties and starting a craze for exhibiting the plants in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s.

In Victorian times sweet peas were widely grown for bougets and they are still grown in greenhouses for the floral trade.  White sweet peas are often found in late spring and early summer wedding bougets.  In the language of flowers the sweet pea signifies blissful love. But sweet peas do well in the garden also.

Sweet peas have spade shaped leaves of blue-green to gray green. Each leaf consists of two leaflets, which look like a pair of leaves on opposite sides of the stem.  Stems can look flattened or ridged.  Stems also have tendrils which wrap around a support to pull the plant up and into the sunlight.  The flowers are typical of the pea family.  They have two larger, backswept petals, two smaller petals in front and another petal in front of them which is tube like and curled toward the back.  Cultivated sweet peas come in almost every color except yellow, from white to scarlet, shades of blue and purple, and interesting cocoa and other colors.

How to start sweet peas

Gardeners will almost always start with seeds, rarely one may find small plants offered at a nursery.  Sweet Peas can be planted where they are to grow early in the spring.  In zone 5-6 mid-to late April is usually best. They take 75-85 days from germination to bloom.  To get them growing well in time to beat the heat of summer some gardeners start them in pots inside 2-4 weeks before planting is feasible outside.  A cool greenhouse or cold frame can work.   In warmer climates they are often seeded where they are to grow in the fall and they sprout and bloom in early spring.

Sweet peas don’t transplant well, so they should be started in pots that dissolve, only a few weeks before they can be transplanted outside.  You want to disturb the roots as little as possible and the plants should only have 2-3 sets of true leaves.  Paper pots work well.  Peat pots or Velcro pots that open are other ideas.

Whether you start them inside or outside the seeds need to be soaked in warm water for a few hours and then nicked for the best germination.  A pair of toenail clippers works well for nipping the seed coat.  You only want to crack the coat or take a small bit out on the side away from the seed scar.  This allows moisture to penetrate the seed coat and stimulate the seedling to begin growing.  Seeds treated this way should germinate in 7-14 days.  If not soaked or nicked germination can take much longer.

The trick to growing sweet peas is the timing.  Sweet peas like cool weather but don’t survive hard frosts.  They are a cool weather annual, that needs to be started early for early summer bloom.  When summer turns hot they fade and die.  But if you allowed pods to form and dry you can collect seeds for the following season.

Sweet peas are a vining plant and need to be trellised, staked or grown against a fence.  They range between 3-6 feet in size depending on variety.  They will grow in full sun to light shade and in almost any soil, but the area must be well drained.  Fertilizer generally isn’t needed.  Don’t crowd them as this tends to increase powdery mildew.  Space them 6-8 inches apart.

Sweet peas will flower for a longer time if the dying blooms are pinched off and not allowed to make pods.  Some people also pinch the ends of growing stems when they reach about 3 feet long to encourage side growth and bushier plants.

One of the best ways to display sweet peas in the garden is on a fence or trellis where later blooming vines will take over and cover the dying foliage and continue the bloom.  Good pairs are hyacinth or scarlet runner beans, cypress vine, morning glories and moon flowers.  Some people make teepees for them or allow them to climb up suspended strings.

Other problems for sweet peas other than powdery mildew are snails and slugs in some places.  Deer and rabbits will also eat sweet peas.  Grown inside aphids can be a problem, but in the garden that isn’t usually a problem.

Varieties of sweet pea

While there are perennial sweet peas offered, (usually Lathyrus latifolius) the full range of color and fragrance is only realized in the annual varieties of sweet pea, Lathyrus odoratus.  Wildflower and native plant companies sometimes offer vetches and similar pea type plants that are US natives but they should not be confused with sweet peas.  Occasionally garden sweet peas re-seed and turn up in odd places but that is rare in zones 5-6.

Some varieties of sweet peas that are easy to find include;  ‘Old Spice mix’, ‘Mammoth mix’, ‘Knee High mix’,( shorter stocky vines) ‘Royal mix’, ‘Elegance series’- (single colors are often offered in this series), and ‘Spencer Ripple Mix’, bi-colors and  streaked flowers.  There are some older, rarer varieties still being grown but they can be hard to find. Some places offer dwarf sweet peas, these grow about 2 feet long. Two seed catalogs that carry sweet pea seeds are Johnny’s Seeds (www.Johnnyseeds.com ) and Pinetree Garden seeds,www.superseeds.com

You can save seeds if you allow the pods to dry and ripen on the vine, then collect the peas and save them in a dark, cool place.  The flowers probably won’t look like the parents but will be pretty.

Don’t eat sweet peas

While sweet peas may resemble garden peas they are not good to eat.  Some people giving out sweet pea growing advice confuse the flowering sweet pea with edible peas and this isn’t a good thing. While you may not feel sick immediately the sweet pea contains substances that inhibit collagen formation and may cause neurological and muscle problems. Sweet pea consumption has been linked to aortic aneurysms also.  The illness caused by sweet pea consumption is called Lathyrism.  Animals should not eat the seeds either.

Why not try some sweet peas this spring in your garden?  They make long lasting, sweet smelling cut flowers and can provide a pretty vertical accent in early summer.  The sweet pea is a flower that all gardeners should try at least once in their lifetime.

Straw bale gardening- Is it really so great?

One of the newest fads in gardening is the straw bale garden.  In this unusual style of gardening people plant their garden directly into bales of straw after they have been conditioned for a few weeks.  Aficionados of straw bale gardening claim it’s the best thing to happen in gardening since garden gloves.  They describe bountiful harvests, great environmental benefit, and the incredible ease of this type of gardening.  Like most fads and things that seem too good to be true straw bale gardening is not the great innovation in gardening it is often claimed to be.

Now there can be times when a straw bale garden might be a solution for allowing someone to garden when they couldn’t otherwise do so.  A straw bale garden might be a good idea when the soil is contaminated or very poor and the gardener can’t afford raised beds or large containers and the good soil to fill them.  Straw bale gardens might be a solution for a more accessible garden, at least until more permanent and better solutions can be found.  And straw bale gardens might be an option when a person is not allowed to garden in the ground because they are renting property, face laws against in ground gardening, or are in a temporary living situation.  However the rather messy look of straw bale gardens might also be a turn off for a landlord or homeowners association.
Straw bale garden.  Photo Flickr.com

Straw bale gardens are not better than in ground gardens or raised beds, or even in most cases containers, for gardening.  If any of these options are available to you they are a far better way to garden, unless you are just interested in experimenting with novel methods.  Even if your soil is poor, you can generally improve it and have a better garden than using straw bales.  If you don’t have the funds for raised beds and soil to fill them you might want a small straw bale garden just until you can build raised beds.  There is absolutely no verifiable environmental benefit to straw bale gardening.

Straw bale basics

In case you are still thinking- yes, straw bale gardening is something I want to do- here are the basics of how it is done. 

First you must find and purchase straw bales and then transport them home, or pay to have them delivered.  And it should be straw, not hay.  Straw is the leaves and stems of a crop plant that are left after a grain harvest and few seeds are left behind to sprout in your straw bale garden.  Hay, on the other hand, runs the whole gamut from weedy, grassy fields cut and dried, to stands of pure alfalfa and other managed hay crops that are harvested before they go to seed.  You want straw because there will be less weeds sprouting up in it, although there still may be some weeds. Straw is generally cheaper than hay.  A tip- straw usually looks gold or brown, hay looks green, although colors can vary.  Straw never looks green though.

Small bales of straw are getting harder to find and are more expensive than they used to be.  Modern farmers often mulch the stems of crop plants back into the field now instead of bailing them.  And when they are bailed it is often in the huge round bales now instead of the small square bales.  Those large round bales do not make a good straw bale garden and are very hard to maneuver around or transport without special equipment.  Get your straw as early in the spring as you can, sellers often run out of stock by late spring.

When you do locate straw it doesn’t have to be good straw- it can be old, even moldy.  It should, however, still be tightly bound or you will have a mess.  Most bales have 2 strings around them.  Both should be intact and the bale compact and firm.  Buying older straw could save you money but you will generally need to spend something.  And if you can’t transport it to your house, you’ll probably pay for that too.  Using straw bales may not be cheaper or easier than buying lumber to build a raised bed or buying containers.

How much straw will you need?  That’s hard to say.  Most people use a single layer of straw to garden in. But if you are looking for a garden that’s accessible to someone seated, a 2 bale stack may be better. Bales come in different sizes but average around 3 feet long by 18 inches wide and 12-18 inches high. They weigh anywhere from 30 pounds to 70 pounds each, depending on many factors.

Most people place the widest dimension down (you’ll see both strings facing you) making a bed about 12-18 inches high and 18 inches wide by 3 feet long. Or you can turn the bale the other way and make the garden taller and narrower. Decide what you want to plant, and look up the spacing for the variety, using the same spacing as in the soil. Then figure out how many bales you’ll need for what you want to plant, making sure they’ll fit in your allocated space of course.

Here’s an important thing to remember.  Keep your straw dry until you get it where you want to garden!  It is very hard to move heavy, wet bales of straw and they will often fall apart.  You’ll want to have the bales set up where you want to garden at least a month before you intend to plant for conditioning them.  For most crops the bales should be in a full sun location.  You can place bales on the ground, or on cement or asphalt.  Using a tarp under the bales makes fall clean-up easier. 

Next you’ll condition your bales.  This means soaking them with a solution of fertilizer and water every few days for 3-4 weeks.  It’s your choice of organic or conventional water soluble fertilizer but it should be high in nitrogen, to counteract the use of nitrogen by the decaying straw. Read label directions for the amount of fertilizer to use per gallon of water, following the directions for container plants. You’ll need about a 2-3 gallon bucket of water- fertilizer mix per bale per treatment.  Soak bales every 3-4 days.

After a month of conditioning the bales should be ready to plant.  Put plants and seeds in them just like you would plant them in soil.  Keep the bales watered as your plants grow, just as you would water plants in soil.  A mid-season fertilizer treatment is generally needed, and fertilizing more often might be required for some crops.  If you are lucky you will have a harvest comparable to that of a crop grown in decent soil.  At the end of the season move the straw to a compost area.

Here are some other things to consider with straw bale gardening.  The wet bales can mold and they do have a smell as they decompose.  If you have mold allergies this method may not be for you.  In wet weather the bales can stay too wet and crop roots may rot. The bales can dry out too often in hot, dry weather and actually take more water than conventional gardens, although that’s less likely than the too wet scenario. 

Some crops grow poorly in a straw bale, such as carrots, beets and other root crops.  Straw bale gardening does not prevent tomato blights or most other garden diseases and pest infestations, despite some far- fetched claims.  And straw bale gardening can’t be used for perennial crops like asparagus and rhubarb.

The strings on wet bales can rot and break, causing the bale to fall apart and potentially damaging your plants.  The look of straw bale gardens is often not as pleasing as other forms of gardening, if looks are important.  Mice, snakes, bees, and other critters sometimes take up residence in straw bales.  Weeds do grow in straw bale gardens, either from the straw or by seeds blowing onto the bales, although there may be fewer weeds than conventional gardens. 

At the end of garden season you will have a lot of old, wet, rotting straw to haul to a compost pile or find some way to dispose of.  You could use it to mulch plants for winter but it’s more likely to matt down than fresh straw.  The disposal problem looms large for those with limited space for a compost pile or rules not permitting one and the disposal of the bales should be planned before you start such a garden.

In short, straw bale gardening is not ideal gardening.  It’s not miracle gardening, rather its make-do gardening for those who can’t garden in the ground or a raised bed or container.  It should be viewed as a temporary solution or a fun experiment.

Patience, spring always comes.
Kim Willis
 “He who has a garden and a library wants for nothing” ― Cicero

Events, classes and other offerings
Please let me know if there is any event or class that you would like to share with other gardeners.  These events are primarily in Michigan but if you are a reader from outside of Michigan and want to post an event I’ll be glad to do it.

Do you have plants or seeds you would like to swap or share?  Post them here by emailing me. You can also ask me to post garden related events. Kimwillis151@gmail.com

An interesting Plant Id page you can join on Facebook

Here’s a seed/plant sharing group you can join on Facebook

Invitation
If you are a gardener in Michigan close to Lapeer we invite you to join the Lapeer Area Horticultural Society. The club meets once a month, 6:30 pm, on the third Monday at various places for a short educational talk, snacks and socializing with fellow gardeners. No educational or volunteer requirements for membership, all are welcome. Membership dues are $20 per year. Come and visit us, sit in on a meeting for free. Contact Julie Schröder, LAHS Secretary, 810-728-2269 - Julie.Schroder@brose.com

New-Lapeer Area Horticulture Society, Plant and Garden Sale,  May 7, 2016  8 am - 4 pm at Siciliano's,  1900 North Lapeer Road, Lapeer.  A variety of plants and garden items from LHS members will be for sale.  Please stop and shop.

New- A new way of looking at “invasive plants”. I will be speaking at the Lapeer Horticulture Society meeting April 18, 6:30 pm, Mayfield Township Hall, Lapeer.  I’ll be exploring some of the new research that suggests we are not thinking about non-native plants correctly. Most non-native plants are not our enemies or the ecological problem we think they are.  Come and listen.  If you need directions call the number above for the Lapeer LAHS secretary.

Companion Planting” Tue, April 19, 6:30-7:30pm, MSUE Assembly Room, 21885 Dunham Rd # 12, Clinton Township, MI
Mary Gerstenberger will discuss friend & enemy plants. Sponsored by Macomb County Master Gardener Association MCMGA meeting to follow- $5.

Heritage Peonies: Beautiful Then, Glorious Now Fri, April 22, 9:15am, Meadow Brook Hall, 480 South Adams Road, Rochester MI
A talk about heritage peonies and how to grow them, featuring guest speaker Dr. David C. Michener. Sponsored by Meadow Brook Garden Club $5. 2483646210.

2016 Educational Gardening Conference, Sat, April 23, 8 am – 4:15 pm, Oakland Schools Conference Center, 2111 Pontiac Lake Rd, Waterford Twp, MI
Keynote Speakers: Karen Bussolini,(Jazzing Up the Garden),  Ellen Ecker Ogden, (The Art of Growing Food), Barry Glick (Woodland Wonders from the Wild). Garden marketplace, entertainment and more.         
Sponsored by Master Gardener Society of Oakland County, Inc.  $80. No registration at the door.  Registration brochure at http://www.mgsoc.org/2016_ConferenceRegistrationColor.pdf


Attracting Bees & Maintaining Beehives, Thu, April 14, 1pm, Burgess-Shadbush Nature Center Utica, Mi.
 The Shelby Garden Club presents bee keepers Mary Jo Showalter & Joanne Gartner for a quick session on attracting bees and beginning beekeeping. FREE   For more info call - 586-873-3782..

MSU Horticulture Gardens’ Spring Program: The Garden Professors April 9, 2016, 8 a.m. - 4 p.m. Plant and Soil Sciences Building, 1066 Bogue Street East Lansing, MI

Looking to bust through gardening myths and dig down to the truth? Join the creators of The Garden Professors, a blog where expert professors from around the country use science-based information to provide you with the facts about gardening from every aspect. We will host two of these professors and they will be joined by organic farming expert, Adam Montri. Attendees will have the opportunity to submit questions in advance, many of which will be answered by these experts during a final Q & A session! Early registration (on or before March 31) for MSU Horticulture Garden Member $70, Early registration (on or before March 31) for non-MSU Horticulture Garden Member $80 Registrations received after March 31 $90

Contact: Jennifer Sweet at 517-353-0443 or hgardens@msu.edu

Here’s a facebook page link for gardeners in the Lapeer area.  This link has a lot of events listed on it.

Here’s a link to all the nature programs being offered at Seven Ponds Nature center in Dryden, Michigan. http://www.sevenponds.org/

Here’s a link to classes being offered at Campbell’s Greenhouse, 4077 Burnside Road, North Branch. 

Here’s a link to classes and events at Nichols Arboretum, Ann Arbor
Here’s a link to programs being offered at English Gardens, several locations in Michigan.

Here’s a link to classes at Telly’s Greenhouse in Troy and Shelby Twsp. MI, and now combined with Goldner Walsh in Pontiac MI.

Here’s a link to classes and events at Bordines, Rochester Hills, Grand Blanc, Clarkston and Brighton locations

Here’s a link to events at the Leslie Science and Nature Center, 1831 Traver Road Ann Arbor, Michigan  | Phone 734-997-1553 |
http://www.lesliesnc.org/

Here’s a link to events at Hidden Lake Gardens, 6214 Monroe Rd, Tipton, MI

Here’s a link to events and classes at Fredrick Meijer Gardens, Grand Rapids Mi
http://www.meijergardens.org/learn/ (888) 957-1580, (616) 957-1580


Newsletter information
If you would like to pass along a notice about an educational event or a volunteer opportunity please send me an email before Tuesday of each week and I will print it. Also if you have a comment or opinion you’d like to share, send it to me. Please state that you want to have the item published in my weekly notes. You must give your full name and what you say must be polite and not attack any individual. I am very open to ideas and opinions that don’t match mine but I do reserve the right to publish what I want.
I write this because I love to share with other gardeners some of the things I come across in my research each week. It keeps me engaged with local people and horticulture. It’s a hobby, basically. I hope you enjoy it. If at any time you don’t wish to receive these emails just let me know. If you know anyone who would like to receive these emails have them send their email address to me.  KimWillis151@gmail.com