December 20, 2021, Winter Solstice, Christmas plants and Tourtiere

Happy New Year’s eve

The savory smell of my traditional meat pies is filling the air as I write this.  I am making them for our New Year’s breakfast tomorrow. (Recipe at the end of this blog.) Flowers are blooming inside, and my plants are enjoying the sun filtering through the window. It’s cold but above freezing and there’s just a bit of snow on the ground.

We are lucky to get more sun and warmer weather than normal here this year. For all of you who have had terrible weather, and even horrible damage from weather, I hope for you better weather and better times in the new year.

Whether you go by the Gregorian calendar or not, tomorrow is the beginning of a new year by the natural cycle of the sun.  Winter Solstice occurs in the morning and the sun will begin to climb again in the sky. This cycle does take 365 days+/- a few minutes but the suns year started on December 21, 2020, not January 1, 2021, on the human calendar. I don’t know why people shifted the beginning and end of the natural year to a different start and end. Maybe to prolong those solstice celebrations?

December 20^th is the last day of the natural year based on the suns annual cycle.  December 21^st is the calendar date of the first day of meteorological winter and the natural first day of the new year. For EST the exact time of winter solstice is 10:59 am, December 21^st.  However most traditional celebrations begin at midnight on the 20^th.

And although winter solstice is the shortest day technically, the days just before and after winter solstice are only seconds shorter or longer. We will have 4 minutes more daylight by December 31^st. By the end of January 52 more minutes have been added

Winter solstice always makes me very happy because the dregs of the year, the darkest times are over and slowly the days begin to lengthen and the sun, the source of life, grows stronger and climbs higher each day. It’s getting closer to gardening time with each passing day now. Oh, yes there will still be some dark, cold times ahead, but there is the knowledge that we are moving forward to better times.

It must have been a little disconcerting for early migrators from equatorial zones to see the sun getting lower in the sky and the days growing colder and shorter in their new homelands.  Naturally they would monitor the skies, hoping for the sun to return to normal. The farther north (or south) you move the more drastic the difference in winter and summer would become.

It amazes me that early man, long before our powerful and precise instruments were developed, was able to so accurately follow the suns cycle and predict the date of solstice.  Knowing what to expect, is of course, a great relief to most humans.

Celebrating winter solstice

Our distant ancestors knew that the sun was the key to life. Long before Hanukkah, long before Christmas, long before all other holidays, people celebrated the winter solstice, the turning point of the sun. At winter solstice the sun has been resurrected or reborn. When the sun “turned and began to come back” it was a signal that life would continue. This has always been a time for great celebration. 

Our ancestors believed that man was closest to the spiritual realm in the days around winter solstice.  It was a solemn time of meditation and reflection, a time to relinquish fears and cares in the old year and look forward to better times in the new. Fires were lit to symbolically burn fears, cares and transgressions. 

The proper way to celebrate solstice eve is to build a fire, small or large. Oak wood for the fire had spiritual significance in earlier times. Then you transfer your cares, problems, and sins from the old year to something you can burn, pinecones, written notes, sprigs of herbs and so on, and burn them.  After burning the past, say what you want in the new year. For three days you should reflect on the old year and plan for the new.

At the end of about 3 days of solemn retrospection, there should be feasting and visiting with the community (not this year though, unless virtually) to celebrate life and the promise of the new year. Small gifts were given in past times, mostly for luck in the new year, which is the probable origin of gift giving at this time of year. 

If you wish to gift people Winter Solstice gifts should be small and symbolic, herbal and dried flower bougets, handmade items, special foods, plants, cards with special notes for friends and family, books and so on.

Our ancestors also brought greenery into the house, pine boughs and other evergreens which symbolize eternal life. Mistletoe warded off evil. This is where the custom of decorating the home with evergreen trees and wreaths began. So feel free to decorate with live greenery.

Christmas, not coincidently, falls about three days after winter solstice. Several hundred years after Christ was supposedly born Christian religious leaders were struggling to keep people from celebrating the pagan celebrations of winter solstice. They decided to embrace it, giving Christians a holiday they could celebrate without guilt. Still many Christian groups would not allow either celebration for hundreds of years.

You can celebrate both holidays if you like. Certainly, there is a great need for burning away the cares and problems of the past year. And we need the hope of a better year.

 

Christmas Plants

 

Even though it’s cold in many areas many plants are sold around Christmas for decoration and as gifts. I’ll give some links to articles on the care of individual species but there are some generalities to consider when bringing Christmas plants home.

First protect plants from the cold when taking them from the store to your car. For some plants even a short blast of cold air can cause problems. If temperatures are below 40 degrees F make sure to cover the plant before it goes outside and move it to a warm car quickly. It belongs in the passenger compartment, not the trunk.

And don’t leave the plant in the car while you shop at other stores or worse overnight. This will kill most plants sold at Christmas if temps fall below freezing. Poinsettias and other indoor plants cannot be used as porch decorations if you live in the north.

It’s also not the time of year to buy plants that need to be shipped. Plants left in unheated warehouses and delivery vans are going to arrive damaged or dead. Reputable and experienced nurseries won’t ship plants to you if they believe they may get too cold. But there are many inexperienced and not so reputable people out there selling plants that will ship them to you- and hope you won’t bother them for a refund.

If you are buying or are gifted plants you want to keep living after the holidays follow these tips. Remove the colorful foil from the plant as soon as possible and make sure the pot can drain.  Keep the plant away from heat sources and drafts. Check to see if the soil feels dry before you water the plant but do water it before it wilts. 

Plants can survive low light for a few days while you use them for centerpieces and décor, but you need to get them into the light conditions they prefer as soon as possible.  In the northern half of the US and in Canada winter sun is not strong and if you do not have a south or west window plants can sit in directly, consider using a grow light over them.

Make sure people don’t dump drinks in plants. And many Christmas plants can be harmful to children and pets, so keep them away. Poinsettias get a bad rap for being poisonous, but they are only mildly toxic, causing vomiting if enough is eaten. Mistletoe, Jerusalem cherry (Solanum pseudocapsicum) and yews are very toxic and probably shouldn’t be brought into homes with children and pets. Make sure to identify and look up the toxicity of any plant you bring inside if you have children and pets.

Live evergreen trees that are hardy outside should only be kept inside for a week or so and kept away from heat sources.  Then move them outside, even in cold areas.  Rosemary sheared into a tree shape should be moved to a cool (temps 40-60 degrees F), but bright place if you want it to stay healthy until spring.

Here are some links to articles on Christmas plant long term care.

 Amaryllis

https://gardeninggrannysgardenpages.blogspot.com/p/houseplants-amaryliss4-amaryllis-did.html

Christmas and Thanksgiving cacti

http://gardeninggrannysgardenpages.blogspot.com/p/christmas-thanksgiving-and-easter-cacti.html

 

Frosty Fern

https://gardeninggrannysgardenpages.blogspot.com/p/frosty-fern-selaginiela-krausianna.html

 

Mistletoe- note, this won’t grow in the house

https://gardeninggrannysgardenpages.blogspot.com/p/mistletoe-strangler-and-kiss-mistletoe.html

Norfolk Island Pine

https://gardeninggrannysgardenpages.blogspot.com/p/httpsgardeninggrannysgardenpages.html

 

Poinsettias

https://gardeninggrannysgardenpages.blogspot.com/p/if-you-got-poinsettia-for-christmas-you.html

 

Rosemary- scroll down this page on herbs until you find rosemary

 http://gardeninggrannysgardenpages.blogspot.com/p/herbs-growing-and-using.html

 

Tourtiere – French Canadian Meat pies

 

Meat pies are one of those items that have popularity in many parts of the world and each family who enjoys meat pies and makes their own may have a slightly different recipe.  My family is of French-Canadian ancestry and meat pies have always been part of our Christmas breakfast.  First my paternal grandmother made them, then my father and now I make them, along with some of my sisters, to carry on the tradition.

 

Typically, French Canadian Catholics ate meat pie after midnight mass.  In our family that was moved to later, on Christmas morning.  Our meat pies were spicy with black pepper and liberally doused with ketchup- which is also a common topping in Canada.

 

You can vary the spices in your meat pie, I have seen old recipes use thyme, rosemary, bay, nutmeg, allspice, cloves, as well as pepper and garlic.  Onions are a part of most meat pies.  Our meat pies always had potato in them- my grandfather also liked turnip in them when he had some.  But in earlier times it was said that only those poor enough not to have much meat added potatoes.  

 

I use ground beef and some spicy sausage in my meat pies, but others add venison, ground pork, veal or lamb.  About 3 pounds of meat will make two standard pies.  Feel free to experiment with meats and spices to make your own family recipe.

 

Ingredients

 

2 pounds of lean ground beef

1 pound of spicy (hot) ground sausage

6 cups of frozen Potatoes O’Brian (potatoes with onions and peppers)

  Or 4 cups of finely diced potatoes and 2 cups of finely diced onion

½ teaspoon black pepper (or to taste)

½ teaspoon garlic powder

1 teaspoon seasoned salt (or to taste)

 

pie dough for 2 double crust pies

1 tablespoon butter, melted

 

Put bottom crust in each pie pan.  Preheat oven to 400 degrees.

 

In a large pot, cook the beef and sausage with spices until lightly browned.  Drain off any grease. You should not need to add water.

 

Add potatoes O’Brian. (No need to thaw)

 

Cook, stirring often to keep meat and potatoes from scorching or sticking until the potatoes are soft.  Drain off any remaining grease.

 

Mash the meat and potato mixture with a potato masher or spoon so that the mixture is uniform, with no large pieces of meat or potatoes remaining.  (Taste the mixture to see if more spices are needed and adjust to your taste.)

UPDATE: You can put the meat and potatoes in a crock pot and cook until the meat is cooked and potatoes soft.

Fill pie crusts with hot meat mixture and top with the upper crust.  Put a few slits in the top crust and brush with melted butter.

 

Bake until golden brown, about 30 minutes.

 

Serve warm with ketchup.  (Some people like a beef gravy instead.)

 

Note: pies can be made ahead, cooled, wrapped tightly and frozen.  Defrost and heat thoroughly in oven before serving.

 

Have a spiritual solstice and a Merry Christmas or a great Holiday of your choosing.

 

Kim

December 1, 2021 Story of a pomegranate

Hi gardeners

Pomegranate inside

I was motivated to write a short blog this week by the harvesting of a pomegranate fruit from my pomegranate plant. I have to share pictures with someone. I know it’s been a while since I have posted but things have been a little rough here at home. My mother passed away last month, and my husband is beginning treatment for cancer. I hope you missed my articles but understand that there are times in our lives when some things need more attention than others.

Gardening keeps me going though, and as things improve here, I expect I will be once again motivated to share more garden stories and advice. So here’s my pomegranate story and I hope you like it.

 A couple of years ago I bought a tiny seedling of a pomegranate plant from Logee’s nursery.  It was a dwarf variety and said to do well in pots. I like unusual plants and the thought of an edible plant other than my Meyer lemon was intriguing.

Pomegranate is not hardy in Michigan of course and this plant has been a houseplant for roughly half of each year since I got it.  I put it outside after danger of frost has passed. It goes in light shade first, then is moved into full sun. When it comes back inside in the fall it’s put in a south facing window, with a grow light also near it in the depths of Michigan’s dark winter days.

Pomegranate makes a nice houseplant. It’s evergreen inside, with small oval leaves and wiry red-brown stems. It flowers on and off through winter if the light is good. There is some dropping of leaves when it’s brought inside but the plant quickly replaces them. They don’t have many insect or disease problems indoors.

Pomegranates are hardy to zone 8 and are sometimes grown as landscape plants in southern states. Outside pomegranates will lose their leaves in fall and go through a short dormant period.  Where they are hardy outside some types of pomegranates can make small trees. Usually however, pomegranates have a bushy shape. They tend to sucker at the base. Some have thorny branches.

Pomegranates like the drier areas of zone 8-9 since they are native to the Mid-East. They don’t flower or fruit well in the more humid areas of the south. They like sandy, well-draining soils and are drought tolerant once established. However regular watering is more likely to produce flowers and fruit. Outside they can get 15-20 feet high.

Pomegranate growing in pot outside

My pomegranate plant bloomed the first year I planted it. It has pretty orange -red flowers with a tubular shaped calyx that sports a puff of crepe paper like petals on the end. Mine blooms sporadically all year, with a heavier bloom in late spring and again in late summer. There are varieties of pomegranate that have yellow or white flowers and there are varieties with double flowers.

If you are lucky as I was this year, your pomegranate plant can produce fruit for you. Fruits range from about 2 inches to 5 inches across. Houseplants will produce small fruits, but they are equally edible as larger outside grown fruits.  Houseplants usually have fewer fruits also.

 A single plant can self-pollinate and produce fruit, but it needs help to do so. Bees like the flowers and so do hummingbirds, with hummers more likely to pollinate the flowers successfully. You can also help by moving pollen from one flower to another with a small paintbrush. If hummers are scarce in your area hand pollination is probably more reliable and of course you’ll have to do this if the plant is inside. Having two different cultivars for cross pollination will produce more fruit.

Pomegranate flower

There are many cultivars of pomegranate.  Mine was described as “Nana” in the Logee catalog and is a dwarf cultivar. ‘State Fair’ is another good dwarf variety.  My pomegranate has a bushy habit without any pruning. The now 3-year-old plant is about 2 feet high.  It’s in a 10-inch pot with an all-purpose planting medium. I fertilize it with a houseplant fertilizer twice a month from March through October.  I let it dry slightly between watering.

 If you do want to prune pomegranate, do it in the fall as it blooms and fruits on new wood. A light pruning in fall will stimulate new growth but heavy pruning tends to delay flowering. Flowering can also be reduced by inadequate light, especially inside.

You could grow pomegranate from the seeds of store-bought fruit, but the plants resulting from that won’t be good houseplants, if that’s your goal. Also, pomegranate like many fruits, doesn’t grow true from seed.  For a house or patio plant buy a seedling from a nursery that is from a dwarf type plant.  You can root cuttings from last years growth in the fall, with root hormone, in potting medium. Cuttings won’t start in water.

My pomegranate fruit in September

I was surprised to see a fruit developing on my plant this summer. It must have been pollinated by a bee or hummer. Fruit begins as a swelling of the calyx. The flower petals shrivel up but remain attached for some time. The little lump slowly grows for several months, producing a lot of big seeds inside, each surrounded by a juicy bit of pulp called an aril, that many people love the taste of.

Unfortunately for me I picked my small fruit too soon. The color of the fruit varies by variety.  Mine had started a dark reddish color but then got lighter and I thought when it began turning darker again it was probably ripe.  It wasn’t.  The seeds were white and the aril pale pink. The taste was quite sour.  But I now know to leave the fruit longer.  I first noticed the fruit in August, and it was picked the first of December, so the ripening period is long.

Unfortunately I picked the fruit too soon 

If you like houseplants that are a little different, or unusual patio plants that can be brought inside in winter, you may want to try growing a pomegranate.  Growing edibles indoors is also fun. But even if you don’t get fruit the pretty flowers on the plant can liven up indoor landscapes.

 

“From December to March, there are for many of us three gardens – the garden outdoors, the garden of pots and bowls in the house, and the garden of the mind’s eye.”

– Katherine S. White

 

 

Kim Willis

 

All parts of this blog are copyrighted and cannot be used without permission.

Contact me at williskim151@gmail.com

 

 

October 23, 2021 the coming and going time

Dahlia

It’s a cold, drizzly gray day here, a preview of November. I gave in and let my poor shivering husband turn on the furnace. I spent yesterday bringing in the last of the potted stuff, as it may freeze tonight. I dug up several huge taro plants and repotted them and the last of the geraniums in one container on the deck.  I remembered this morning that there is a purple eucomis out there that needs to be dug but it will have to wait a day or two.  It will be fine if the foliage is killed.

I do expect a freeze tonight if this rain clears out. That should end things in the garden. There are still things in bloom, the salvia ‘Love and Wishes’ is blooming, morning glories are blooming, roses, mums, black eyed Susans, even some zinnias and cosmos are still blooming.  The tuberous and bedding begonias, one million bells plant and alyssum in my containers are all still blooming, although the petunias have given up.

I started to dig up the tuberous begonias yesterday but made myself quit. The house is packed with plants, and they are easy to acquire in the spring. I keep reminding myself not to save everything.  I did save the special, daffodil flowered one and I brought in one pot of fibrous begonias that was especially pretty.

Yesterday I picked all the dahlia blooms because they will be killed by a freeze and I will dig those dahlia tubers this coming week too, as well as some potatoes.  And I have bulbs to plant, quite a few, so I hope we get some sunny weather next week. It doesn’t have to be that warm, just not raining. The article below is about just that- digging and planting bulbs.

I am still fussing with lights inside the house, trying to get timers right and making sure everything gets light.  Our electric bill should be climbing now.  The thing I hate most about Michigan in winter is the lack of sunlight, we get so many cloudy gray days here.

There are still big flocks of robins feasting on autumn olive berries here.  I am still hearing red winged blackbirds and killdeer and seeing turkey vultures soaring around. But my feeders are still not as full of birds as they were in other years.

I have seen an all brown and an all black wooly bear caterpillar as well as some with both colors. That folk myth of the wooly bears color deciding what kind of winter we will have is plainly not true. Actually, wooly bear caterpillar color is random and more likely due to genetics than weather.  Of course, the human weather forecasters are kind of confused this year too, it seems.

Bulbs-digging and planting

It’s that time of year when gardeners are either planting bulbs or digging them up. If you want flowers in the spring like tulips and crocus, you plant them now. If you had some nice bulb and tuber plants such as cannas, dahlias and calla lilies in the garden this summer you may want to dig them up and store them over the winter. Start them early in spring indoors or just plant them in the garden after danger of frost has passed in the spring.

Here’s a list of summer blooming bulbs and tubers that can be dug and stored dormant over winter. Canna, calla, dahlias, glads, crocosmia, peacock orchids, tuberous begonias, eucomis (pineapple lilies), taro, and elephant’s ears.  Remember you don’t have to dig these bulbs, you can treat them like annuals, but in planting zones lower than 7 they will die over the winter, and you will need to buy new ones in spring.

Here’s a list of spring blooming bulbs and tubers that need to be planted in fall, in the ground or in large outside containers, for spring bloom. Tulips, daffodils, narcissus, crocus, hyacinths, fritillaria, snowdrops, corydalis, windflowers, trilliums, alliums, blood root, trout lilies, and there are many more spring blooming bulbs/tubers. Try something new every year if you can.

Lilies can be planted in spring or fall. They do not need to be dug and stored inside for winter. A few types of lilies are not winter hardy in all zones so check the zone hardiness before planting.

Peonies and a few other perennials are also planted in the fall and do not need to be dug up each year and stored if they are hardy in your planting zone.

Digging up bulbs and tubers for storage

I like to remove the summer blooming bulbs and tubers before I plant the spring blooming bulbs because it allows me to find places to pop the spring blooming bulbs in without lots of foliage in the way. So, after the first frost has killed or damaged the foliage of summer bulbs and tubers, I dig them. First, I cut back most of the foliage, leaving just enough to be able to handle the clumps easily.

I try to dig the summer bulbs and tubers on a warm sunny day if possible. I take a small shovel and loosen the soil all around the foliage clump. Most of these summer bulbs have grown larger than when you planted them and may have produced new bulbs and tubers.  So, I loosen a large circle around them, putting the shovel blade all the way into the soil all around the clump.

Next my preference is to get down there with my hands and try to lift the clump out of the ground.  I sometimes need to dig a little deeper to get under the clump.  I do this gently so as not to break off tubers or cut through bulbs or tubers.  Sometimes you can grasp remaining foliage and just lift up the clump. Check the site thoroughly for additional bulbs or tubers as many have multiplied.

Once the clump of bulbs or tubers is lifted out of the ground I shake or brush as much soil off the clump as possible. I like to let them dry in the sun for a few hours after digging. Then I brush more soil off if needed. If you cut through a bulb or tuber, you should discard it. Tubers or bulbs that break off a main stem or clump can be saved.  Many of them will grow in the spring.

I put my bulbs and tubers in net bags I save from year to year so I can keep varieties separate. I save net bags from spring planted bulbs or things like onions and oranges.  Sometimes I have so many tubers from some things that I use a separate bucket for that variety.  (You can use paper bags for storing bulbs and tubers but don’t use plastic bags.)

Mark the bulbs with the variety name or plant color by attaching a tag to the bag you put them in. You don’t need to do this if that information isn’t important to you, but I like to know the name or color because it helps me decide where to plant them in the garden in the spring. If your dahlia tubers are clean enough you can use a marker and write the name of the variety right on the tuber. It won’t hurt them.

Once bagged I put the bulbs and tubers in buckets or boxes filled with wood shavings. I lightly moisten the shavings by dumping some in a large tub and adding a small amount of water – I want the shavings to feel barely damp, so I add water a little at a time.

I put some damp shavings on the bottom of a container, add some bulbs and tubers, then more shavings, then more bulbs, in layers. The top should be completely covered with shavings.  If you don’t have shavings, you can use dry leaves, sawdust, peat moss, chopped straw, vermiculite, or even shredded paper. I have found that pine shavings are the best medium for storing bulbs in but others like different substances.  

After the bulbs and tubers have been packed in something the containers should be set in a dark, cool area.  The temperature should not go below freezing but should not go above 45 degrees F for best storage.  This should be an area that does not get rain or snow, you need to control the moisture.

By the way if you have an old refrigerator and don’t have tons of bulbs and tubers to store you could store them there.  Set the frig to stay between 40-45 degrees F.

As an alternative way to store bulbs and tubers you can cut back the foliage of potted plants and bring the whole pot inside to a cool, dark place.  I often do this with calla lilies and begonias that were growing in pots over the summer. I have done this with things like rain lilies and eucomis (pineapple lilies) also. I usually cut the foliage back on these or let it die back naturally in a cool, dark place.

I have even brought in huge potted cannas with their foliage intact, in this case I took them into a cool, bright area and let them continue to grow and even bloom for a while. You keep these watered. They do need a rest period though, even if it’s short. So, after a few weeks inside let the pots dry out, cut back the foliage and move the pots to a dark cool place.

Check your bulbs/tubers for mold about 2 weeks after you store them.  This is the most dangerous period as it is when the bulbs/tubers are often still damp. If the tuber/bulb still feels firm, you can wipe off mold and let the bulb/tuber air dry for a day or two before putting in back in storage. If any bulbs/tubers feel soft or mushy, they should be discarded.

Check your stored bulbs and tubers once a month. Discard soft, molded ones and replace the packing material, or spread it out somewhere and let it dry, if it feels too moist.

If tubers or bulbs feel and look shriveled, they may be too dry. Add just a little moisture to the packing material. Lower the temperature of the storage area if you can. If its close to spring, say late March, you can pot up the bulbs and tubers in damp growing medium, put them in a brightly lit place above 50 degrees but below 70 degrees and let them get a head start on spring.

 

Asiatic lilies- plant in fall or spring

Planting bulbs and tubers

Planting bulbs and some tubers for spring bloom is a pretty easy job. You can do it anytime until the ground freezes but planting them a month before that is ideal. If you are in planting zones 8 and higher you need to buy pre-chilled bulbs.  Or you can store bulbs in your refrigerator for about 8 weeks before planting. These bulbs need a cold dormant period to bloom.

Finding a spot where you don’t hit dormant bulbs and tubers from last year can be a problem, at least in my garden. Hopefully you have pictures of your garden in the spring so you can look at them and get an idea where things were planted last year. If you do dig up bulbs and tubers and they aren’t too damaged, just replant them.

The rule of thumb is to plant bulbs about 3 times as deep as their height. A tulip bulb that’s 2 inches high should be planted 6 inches deep. But for tubers and some bulbs there are often other considerations. So, make sure to check the label directions or look up those plants before you get started.

You can make individual holes or dig up a larger area, space the bulbs and then cover them. Spacing of bulbs depends on the species, so look at the directions. But I find most people spread the bulbs out too far, bulbs look better when closely planted. It can seem like a lot when you look at planting 100 bulbs, but really that 100 bulbs doesn’t look like much in the spring if they are widely spaced.

Also, unless you have a specific design in mind don’t plant bulbs in single, long rows as this doesn’t look natural. Plant them staggered, in groups of least 3-5 bulbs or in several rows back to back.

While it may look bare when you are planting the bulbs/tubers in the fall, consider what might be growing there in the spring. Bulbs that bloom early can get tucked close to hosta and other large perennials because they will bloom and be done before the plants get large. But later blooming bulbs may have their blooms smothered by fast developing perennial plants.

Similarly, bulbs and tubers that need sun can often be planted under deciduous trees and they will bloom and mature their foliage before the tree casts much shade. But if a later blooming bulb that needs sun is planted under that same tree it may not do well.

If you want spring blooming bulbs to return each year their foliage needs to yellow and die down naturally. Consider this when you plant them. I like to plant bulbs in the perennial garden where the yellowing foliage will be hidden by growing perennials. That’s why planting things like crocus and bluebells in the lawn needs to be considered carefully. Are you willing to let the grass grow long until the bulb foliage has matured?

Some tulip bulbs do not return reliably the second year. Read the variety description and look for tulips described as perennial. Still, you will probably lose some bulbs every year. For this reason, I plant some kind of new tulip variety every fall.

Critter problems

One of the most common problems people have with bulb planting is having animals dig up and eat the bulbs. When you plant try to leave the area looking like the soil is undisturbed, freshly dug earth is attractive to squirrels in particular. And cats don’t eat bulbs but like to “use” freshly dug areas and may dig bulbs out of the ground. So after planting cover the area with a mulch of leaves, or maybe the debris from your perennial plants. You can add a layer of chicken wire or fencing but it must be removed in early spring.

DO NOT USE BONEMEAL WHEN PLANTING BULBS. This is the number one reason many bulbs get dug up and eaten. Many species of animals are attracted to the smell of bonemeal, and they can smell it underground. Also, you do not need to use fertilizer when you plant bulbs, but if you want to use it, use a fertilizer that does not have bonemeal or bloodmeal and that’s meant for bulbs. Scatter it on top of the area you planted, don’t put it in bulb holes.  

Daffodil, narcissus, fritillaria and allium bulbs are not bothered by animals as much as other bulbs. They are rarely eaten but can still be dug out of the ground.

Here is another thing to be aware of, some bulbs such as daffodils are poisonous to dogs. Dogs will eat things other animals won’t unfortunately. I almost lost a small dog after it ate part of a daffodil bulb. Keep your dogs away from areas where you are planting bulbs. Your little helper may grab a bulb without you knowing it.

Make sure to mark or make a map as to where you planted what bulbs or tubers. No, you won’t always remember. And it helps in the spring when you want to plant some dormant perennials early in spring, in case the bulbs or tubers have not emerged yet, or you aren’t certain what is growing where you want to plant.

Whether you are planting bulbs and tubers or digging them up this fall remember that bulbs and tubers are a valuable edition to any garden. Spring blooming bulbs provide some of the first food sources for pollinators plus their blooms are very welcome for human observers too. And summer blooming bulbs like dahlias are often some of the last flowers in the garden and provide both food for pollinators and color for the landscape. Bulbs and tubers are a gardener’s friend.

 

“I hope I can be the autumn leaf, who looked at the sky and lived. And when it was time to leave, gracefully it knew life was a gift.”
— Dodinsky

 

Kim Willis

All parts of this blog are copyrighted and cannot be used without permission.

Contact me at williskim151@gmail.com

 

October 14, 2021 Gathering seeds

 Hi Gardeners

Heavenly Blue morning glory

What a beautiful October day we had yesterday.  October in Michigan this year has been very unusual. We got more rain than already this month than we got all summer, but we also have had some warm, pleasant days. And the garden likes it.

Some things of course, are done regardless of weather. The ferns have browned and dried up. My petunias have straggled themselves out and the million bells have only a few paltry blooms. The hostas are ragged and yellowing. But the landscape type roses are going strong and blooming like crazy, the dahlias are looking great, toad lilies are still blooming and some of the mums. Sedum is blooming. Alyssum and both tuberous and bedding begonias are blooming just fine.

The tall marigolds, nasturtium, zinnias, tithonia, cosmos and that odd little anoda plant are all blooming. In fact, some of the seeds must have lain dormant through the hot spell in spring and I have some younger annual plants just starting to bloom. 

The long mild fall has also allowed some perennials that seeded themselves earlier in the year to start blooming, when normally they would not have bloomed until next year.  I have young black eyed Susans and bellflowers blooming.  If we escape frost for another week or two, I may have a new batch of woodland nicotiana come into bloom. And a clematis I planted this spring has managed to squeak out a single bloom, it had a rough start, and I did not expect it to bloom this year.

One of the plants I did not think would mature in time managed to burst into prolific bloom this week.  I planted what was supposed to be 2 ‘Heavenly Blue’ morning glories on the front ramp rails. They grew like crazy but took forever to start blooming.  One of the plants turned out to be the white flowered ‘Pearly Gates’ though.  I already had some moonflowers blooming on those rails but now I have white flowers day and night. Because it’s late in the season the morning glories are staying open most of the day.

Inside things are blooming well too.  The Dipladenia is blooming far better under the grow lights than it did outside. Streptocarpus and gerbera daisies are also blooming nicely.  My pink doubled flowered hibiscus has 5 blooms today. I have a tiny flowered fuchsia called ‘Heron’ and African violets in bloom too.

All my geraniums and many other plants I over winter are potted now but they are still outside on the deck. I do still have to pot one canna and the taro. I leave my canna in pots and let them bloom on the porch until about December, when they begin to go dormant. Then I just leave the tubers in the pots until spring.

How are the bird at your house? I have noticed fewer and fewer birds this fall. There are flocks of robins feasting on Autumn olive berries in our old pasture as they migrate through, but our feeders are not seeing the traffic we usually see this time of year.  Last month I thought the birds absence was probably because there was abundant natural food available. Now I am beginning to wonder.  I used to fill feeders every 2-3 days.  Now they are going 10-14 days before emptying. There are still plenty of squirrels though.

 Collecting and storing seeds

As the gardener strolls through the garden in late summer and fall he or she may notice a lot of seed pods hanging on various garden plants, maybe on some plants you never dreamed you could start from seeds.  Wilderness hikers and people touring public gardens may also notice various seeds that they would like to collect. Many parks prohibit removing any plant material, and you should ask permission from someone in charge of a public or private garden before collecting seeds. 

Please be considerate when collecting from public/natural areas, don’t take all the seeds. No one needs more than one milkweed pod, for example, since there are many seeds packed inside. If everyone collects as many pods as they see, there won’t be seeds left to replenish milkweed stands in natural areas. And seeds are winter food for many birds and other animals.

Milkweed pod

But collecting the seeds won’t help you grow new plants if you don’t know when to collect the seeds and how to store them correctly.  Every plant species has different requirements for optimizing the germination of its seeds, so it pays to know what species you are collecting seeds from.

Seeds are plant embryos and the plant kingdom has devised many ways to protect the baby plant inside until the time is right for it to start growing. Some plants use a hard seed coat, some use chemicals and some program their seeds to require periods of cold, alternating heat and cold periods or periods of alternating moist and dry conditions before the seed germinates.  

Some seeds are ready to germinate the minute they hit moist soil, others require months or years of dormancy before they awaken.  Some plants even have seeds with a variable dormancy, some sprout quickly; other seeds from the same plant delay their sprouting for various periods of time.  This is to ensure that if conditions are poor when the first batch of a plant’s seeds sprout, later sprouters may have better conditions.

Make sure they are ready

In most cases you want to collect the seed when the seed pod or fruit surrounding the seeds is fully ripe.  Since we eat some fruits before they are fully ripe, like cucumbers, you must know what a ripe fruit looks like for that plant and wait to harvest the seeds.  Corn should turn dry and hard on the stalk before saving seeds.  Melons should be mushy ripe and the seeds black or dark brown for watermelon before harvest. Peppers must be fully ripe- and they can be many colors when ripe- and soft. Cucumbers are big and yellow or brown when ripe.

Most seed pods or seed heads turn brown and dry when the seeds are ready to harvest. The opening of pods means the seeds are ripe. The trick in collecting seed pods and seedheads to get the seeds is to not let them split or otherwise disperse the seeds before you collect them, but still be mature. On a warm day a closed pod in the morning may have shot off the seeds or dropped them on the ground by evening.

If seed pods and seedheads are almost dry and nearly ready to harvest you can cut them and put them in paper bags in a warm dry place to finish drying. Separate the varieties and species because they may drop the seeds.  Or you can surround seed heads or pods with paper bags and tie them right on the living plant.

These cleome pods are ripe and splitting

Collect seeds on a warm, sunny dry day if at all possible.  It’s best to collect most types of seed before a heavy frost or freeze but collection after that can still work for many seeds. I know some of you will collect seeds on the spur of the moment and stick them in your pocket, but it’s really better to make seed collecting an organized activity. Carry bags or envelopes to separate species or cultivars and something to label the bags. You may want tape to seal bags or envelopes.

Label your bags!  This is the biggest mistake amateurs make, they think they will remember what plants they saved seed from. And when they get ready to plant them they will be on line posting pictures and asking other gardeners to help them remember.  If you don’t know the name of the plant you collected seeds from at least write a description of the leaves and flowers or what the fruit or pod looked like and keep that with the seeds.  

Sometimes gardeners have a hard time distinguishing the actual seeds from the seed pods, or remnants of flowers and fruit. Put the ripe seed heads or pods in paper bags then close and shake them.  You may see loose seeds in the bottom. If you can’t decide what is a seed and what is the pod or husk, save it all.

Some plants make seed pods or even fruit and yet there are no seeds inside. Lilies often do this. Some hostas make pods that don’t have seeds too. When gathering pods take a look inside some of them. If they don’t have seeds it’s probably a sterile plant and useless to collect.

In most cases a ripe pod or seed head will split or otherwise open or drop its seeds, but in some cases even ripe pods must be opened.  Some flowers like Echinacea, rudbeckia, zinnia and others with daisy like flowers will have a bit of dried petal attached to the seed. Even when dry some of these flower heads must be pulled apart to separate the seeds. 

One note of caution here.  Do not try to dry seeds you want to germinate in the microwave, oven or food dehydrator. That’s ok for seeds you are going to eat but it will kill the embryo’s in seeds you want to use for planting.

Sometimes fruit needs to rot

In some cases, for seeds to be properly stored and then sprout, the fruit must first rot or ferment.  Rotting fruit keeps seeds moist for a while.  And chemicals caused by the decomposition process may be necessary in some cases to soften the seed coat.  The most common garden plant that really needs fermentation is the tomato. While you can cut open a very ripe tomato and extract the seeds for storage, it’s better to let the tomato turn to a rotting, fermenting mush before separating out the seeds, drying them and saving them. Germination rates will be higher. 

Many seeds are prepared for germination in nature by passing through some animal’s digestion system. You can ferment or rot fruits in a nicer way though.  Simply place a ripe fruit in an open container and let it sit for a while. You can cut the fruit in pieces if needed.  Label the containers if you have several varieties of something to ferment.  You’ll want to put the containers somewhere where you don’t smell them and the flies they attract won’t bother you.  Make sure animals can’t eat them. 

Let the fruit rot until it’s a watery, smelly unrecognizable mass.  Then put the contents in a fine wire mesh strainer and gently rinse with clean water until clean seeds are left in the strainer. Spread the seeds on a piece of screen and let them dry in a warm, dark place until they look and feel thoroughly dry before storing. If you spread the seeds on newspaper or paper towels they often stick to the paper as they dry and can be hard to remove.

Storing seeds

When you do have the seeds separated from pods and fruit let them dry for a few more days in a warm dark location.  Almost all garden seeds need to be thoroughly dry before storing them, so they don’t mold or rot. Clean out pieces of stem, pod and other debris before storing. 

It’s best to place seeds in paper packages, cheap envelopes work, even a twist of tissue or fold of newspaper, before placing them in larger sealed glass or plastic containers. This helps absorb moisture. You can add a bit of powdered milk wrapped in tissue to each container to absorb moisture too.  Once again- label containers, (or the packets inside), there’s nothing worse than forgetting what kinds of seeds you carefully saved.

Ligularia seed head

After your seeds are packaged store the seeds of most common garden plants in the refrigerator crisper drawer or another cool, dry dark spot.  Most plants grown in temperate climates, both natives and nonnatives, annuals and perennials need a period of cold dormancy before they germinate. Even if they don’t, they will store better in a cool location.

Common garden annuals, perennials and bi-annuals like zinnias, marigolds, cleome, calendula, nasturtium, annual sunflowers, petunias, poppies, hollyhocks, coleus, begonias, dill, borage, basil, sage, thyme, carrots, lettuce, beets, radishes, spinach, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, peas, beans, tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, melons, squash, pumpkins, and cucumbers can simply be stored dry in a cool place.

Many common garden perennials need stratification to germinate properly. These include; Aconitum, Alchemilla, Asclepias (Milkweed), Baptisia, Bloodroot, Buddleia, Candytuft, Caryopteris, Chelone, Cimicifuga, Clematis, Chinese Lantern, Delphinium, Eremurus, Evening Primrose, Filipendula, Fuchsia, Gentians, true Geranium species (Cranesbill Geranium), Helianthemum, Helianthus, Heliopsis, Helleborus, Heuchera, Hardy Hibiscus, Hypericum, Incarvillea (Hardy Gloxinia), Knautia, Lavender, Marsh Marigold, Mazus, Nepeta (Catmint), Penstemon, Persicaria, Phlox (all types), Platycodon, Primrose, (all types), Ranunculus, Rudbeckia (Black-eyed Susan, most types), Saponaria (Soapwort), Saxifrage, Scabiosa, Sedums, Sempervivums (Hen-and-Chicks), Sidalcea, St. John’s-Wort, Stokesia, Thalictrum, Tiarella, Tricyrtis (Toad-lily), Veronica, Violas, Violets, Virginia Bluebells.

Gardeners can achieve stratification by simply planting the seeds of the above plants in the fall in the ground where you want them to grow and marking the spot.  Or you can plant the seeds in pots, (label those pots!), of potting mix, well moistened and sink them in the ground and cover with mulch.  Remove the mulch when the ground thaws.

I do not recommend winter sowing in milk jugs and other things. The jugs often get plants growing too early, then they are killed by a hard freeze.  Or the plants get too hot in sunny weather and cook. Often they don’t drain well and seeds rot. Or conversely, they don’t allow enough water to get inside. If you want to winter sow don’t enclose the pots, plant in open pots or in the ground.

A compromise is to place the seeds in moist vermiculite in containers in the crisper of the refrigerator, which will be cold enough for most seeds.  They won’t freeze and thaw like outside, but 12 weeks of this cold treatment will get most of them to germinate. After 12 weeks bring them to a warm sunny spot to start growing.

Akebia fruit with seeds

Seeds that should not be stored very long

These seeds should be planted soon after you collect them.  If they are cold hardy, you can plant them outside. Otherwise plant them in pots inside.  The sooner they are planted the better germination will be. These seeds are; Anthurium, Asparagus species, Clivia, perennial Delphinium, Geranium (Pelargonium), Gerbera, Ginkgo, Impatiens, Kochia, Philodendron, Magnolia, onions, Passiflora, Potentilla, Salvia splendens, Tanecetum coccinium (or Pyrethrum).

Some of these seeds can be stored for a short time, but germination drops with age. Store them in a cool, dry, dark spot.

Some tropical plant seeds may do better in warmer storage and some seeds may actually need freezing temperatures to properly prepare them for germination. The person collecting the seeds should look up what storage and germination requirements for each species are.  If it’s a cultivated species this information is readily available. If it’s a native variety that’s fairly common that information is also available. But for some native plant species you’ll need to be a bit of a detective to find out what its seed storage and germination needs are.

Remember not all seeds produce plants that look just like the parent. If you collect seeds from hybrid plants the offspring grown from seed may be a different color, size or shape. And sometimes seeds from certain species are very difficult to germinate.

Seed collecting is a fun and thrifty way of getting new plants. So this fall take a walk around your garden and save some seeds to experiment with in spring.

 

"The trees are in their autumn beauty,
The woodland paths are dry,
Under the October twilight the water
Mirrors a still sky."

-William Butler Yeats-

 

Kim Willis

All parts of this blog are copyrighted and may not be used without permission.

Contact author at kimwillis151@gmail.com

 

 

 

 

October3, 2021 Fall garden clean up- should you do it?

 Here in Michigan a stretch of beautiful fall weather is just ending, it’s raining today.  It’s the second busiest time of the year for me- moving plants back inside. I have been busy arranging and rearranging, repotting and hooking up grow lights. The tropicals/houseplants are all inside, I still have to bring in things like geraniums and bulbs in pots.  I’ll be hustling to get that done this week.

I’m going to bring in a water plant called Umbrella palm, Cyperus alternifolius.  I bought it in a 4-inch pot, which I placed in my little decorative pond on top of a 10-inch pot to raise it up to the top of the water level. I filled that pot to weigh it down. It made perfect conditions for the Umbrella palm, I guess. 

When I went to pull the now 6 feet tall palm out of the water it took all my strength and several heaves.  It had filled the larger pot with roots and then covered the sides of the pot with roots. I have it in a large bucket so I can keep the bottom in water, but I haven’t moved it in yet. I’m going to need help moving it.  I told my husband we could put a little pond inside, but so far, he is against that -lol.

It’s amazing how much a plant can grow outside in just a few months. My lemon tree is a foot higher and 2 feet wider. The variegated ginger is probably 3 feet wider- it is huge. And everything else grew too.  It then becomes a matter of where to put them when you bring them inside. I have plenty of space – well enough space- for the “shelf” size plants, it’s the “floor” size plants that are the problem. My husband wants to be able to see the TV for some reason.

In the outside garden things are starting to look a bit tattered and old. I’m itching to cut some of it down, but I’m forcing myself to wait just a bit longer, until after the first frost. Last year we had a frost in late September and a good freeze by October 16.  It doesn’t look like frost this year for at least another week, but things can change quickly this time of year.

So, what’s the right time to clean up the garden, fall or spring?

There is always a debate among gardeners whether to clean up the garden in the fall or spring. Frankly it boils down to being a personal decision for the flower beds anyway, but there are some things to consider before making the decision.

Flower bed cleanup in fall can be done if you like a neat look going into winter. Many gardeners do fall clean up. But leaving the cleanup- or at least most of it until spring does have some advantages. Birds and beneficial insects can use the seeds and plant parts left behind over winter. Seed heads, stalks and stems, and grass clumps can provide winter interest in a bland environment.

Time for clean up?

But the most compelling reason to leave cleanup until spring is that it is the way nature does it. The dying foliage protects the crowns and roots of plants and traps snow, which also protects plant parts. The decomposing foliage returns nutrients to the soil. One plant to certainly leave alone until spring is the chrysanthemum. Removing stems in fall often removes buds for next year’s foliage at their base. You can carefully cut dead stems back to about 6 inches but don’t remove stems to the ground.

But if you do like a neat, orderly look or dread spring cleanup, don’t let others guilt trip you about insects and small animals needing debris to winter in. Just take the stems and leaves to a compost pile and they can overwinter there. Or make a few piles in the back of the garden that will be easy to move in spring.

It’s best to wait until a hard freeze has killed the herbaceous plants before cleaning in the fall. Until then the leaves are still making energy for the plant, even if they look ratty. These are the plants that die to the ground and come back from the base in spring. Of course, dead, crunchy stems and leaves can be removed at any time.

If you remove all the dead stems and foliage of certain plants you may want to mark the spot, especially for things like hardy hibiscus, which come up quite late in the spring, so you don’t damage the plants planting bulbs or spring flowers.

Do not trim tree peonies and Itoh peonies in fall. Other peonies can be pruned to the ground after a hard freeze. Some plants like coneflowers and daisies begin growing new foliage at the base of old stems in fall. You can cut off the old stems but leave the new growth alone.

Don’t do too much pruning of woody plants and roses in the fall. Winter kill starts at the tip of a branch/cane and works down. The dead areas can protect areas further down the branch.  If you cut branches back to 6 inches in fall, they may die back to 3 inches or less or die completely.  If you leave them longer, they will probably die back a few inches, leaving many more buds below the dead area.

Pruning in the fall may remove flower buds from spring blooming woody plants. As a general rule, don’t prune woody plants in the fall that bloom in spring. Most of these already have buds formed for next year.  Plants like hydrangeas and clematis have many bloom times and different species require different pruning times. That’s why it’s important to remember what species you plant.

Fall blooming clematis such as Sweet Autumn clematis should be pruned later in winter, when they are completely dormant. But in zones 6 and lower I suggest leaving the pruning of most clematis until spring, winter damage will probably prune them for you. You can trim off dead areas in spring.

Hydrangea paniculate cultivars (cone shaped flowers) can be pruned in fall to a fat bud about 3 feet above ground. But it’s probably better to wait until late winter to do this. The mophead types- round balls- should not be pruned in fall or you won’t have many blooms next year.  You can clip off dead flower heads of any hydrangeas in fall, but many people like to leave them for winter interest.

If you want to collect seeds of various plants get it done soon. Some seeds of various flowers can be sown in fall for spring germination. To read more about seed storage and fall sowing you can go to this page; http://gardeninggrannysgardenpages.blogspot.com/p/seeds-germination.html

Before a freeze you need to dig up summer bulbs such as glads, dahlias, canna, and so on if you want them for next year. Pick a stretch of sunny days so that after you dig them you can let them cure in the sun for a day or two. Make sure they won’t freeze outside at night; you may have to bring them in at night.

Shake off the soil after it dries but don’t wash the bulbs/tubers.  After a day or two of curing you can cut off any foliage and pack the bulbs/tubers in slightly dampened wood shavings and store them in a cool, (above freezing) dry, dark spot. 

Fall asters

Vegetable gardens

You can leave the flower beds until spring, but vegetable gardens should be cleaned up after a hard freeze has stopped production or when you decide it’s time to quit for the year. This helps prevent the build-up of disease and insects. It’s especially important in years like this one, when diseases were prevalent.

But before you do the cleanup, take the time to jot down where each crop was planted, so you know where to rotate crops in the spring.  You could take a picture to help jog your memory also.  You may also want to make notes about what vegetable varieties you liked or that were very productive so you can look for those varieties in the spring. You think you will remember these things, but time has a way of fooling us all.

Remove all plant matter, including discarded fruits and compost it far from the garden. Disease organisms may survive on old stems, leaves and fruit so make sure all debris is cleaned from the garden.

Some of you may have been ambitious and planted a fall crop of lettuce or kale.  These crops may continue to grow for a while even after a frost or freeze so don’t worry about pulling them out.  If you use a low tunnel covered with spun row cover or plastic over these greens they may grow well into December.  Carrots, turnips, and some other root crops may lose their leaves but remain edible stored underground well into winter. 

If you are leaving carrots or other root crops in the ground to be harvested later mark them with a tall stake and cover with bales of straw before the ground freezes. These areas must be cleaned completely in the early spring.

Pick up and store trellis and cages. Remove any plastic mulch. A cover crop of rye can be planted or cover the ground with a thick layer of leaves or other organic mulch after the ground freezes. This is an excellent time to add fresh manure to vegetable gardens. 

If disease was a problem this year do not till the soil this fall.  Fungal spores and other disease organisms will be more likely to be killed by freezing weather if they are on the surface of the soil and not tilled under.  Tilling also buries weed seeds and protects them.  However, if you are going to expand the garden next year you can till and rake the proposed new areas.

If you keep chickens you can let them in the garden in the fall after you have harvested any edibles and they will gladly till and fertilize your soil for you.  You can let them in before you remove the old tomatoes and big cucumbers left over from summer.  They’ll eat those up and you’ll have less cleaning up to do.   Don’t let them in however if you planted fall greens like kale, not only could the greens be contaminated with E. coli or salmonella, they will be eaten.

It may be a bit sad to see the garden blackened after a hard frost or freeze.  That means it’s time to plant bulbs for spring blooms though. And remember there’s always next year- and that garden will be the best one yet.

 “October, baptize me with leaves! Swaddle me in corduroy and nurse me with split pea soup. October, tuck tiny candy bars in my pockets and carve my smile into a thousand pumpkins. O autumn! O teakettle! O grace!”

-Rainbow Rowell-

Kim Willis

All parts of this blog are copyrighted. 

To contact author - kimwillis151@gmail.com

 

 

 

September 21, 2021 Saving Garden Plants for growing inside

Hi gardeners 

This beautiful tropical hibiscus blooms
inside all winter

Tomorrow is fall equinox and for many of us it means time to think about moving the gardening activities inside.  A house is not a home without plants inside. I will begin working on the job tomorrow as we are in for some cool wet weather.  I am not looking forward to all the lifting and carrying to bring my jungle inside, but I am usually pleased when it's done.  Most of my houseplants go outside for summer and as it starts getting colder, vacation time for them is over.  It's always quite the task to find room for all of them as they grow bigger each year and I always add something new each year I want to save.

Many people seem to be confused as to what plants in the garden you can save and winter inside.  So I have written this article to help guide you in choosing which plants to save.

What Garden Plants Can I Save for Next Year?

If you are in zone 6 or lower you are probably thinking about bringing in the houseplants and it’s time to do so. Most gardeners in planting zones 6 and lower will experience frost before October 15, in an average year.  Your houseplants and any garden plants you want to save must be brought inside before frost or freezing temperatures.

Of course, you will bring your tropical houseplants inside but there are many other plants you can bring inside that will overwinter and you won’t have to purchase them again next year. Some tender perennials that are over-wintered inside become large, attractive plants that would be impossible to obtain with one summer’s growth outside.

True annual plants are plants that complete their life cycle in a single year. These plants won’t do well indoors and should be allowed to perish, despite how pretty they look. You may be able to cover them through a few frosts to prolong their outside life. These plants include marigolds, zinnias, cosmos, tithonia, nasturtiums, morning glories, sweet alyssum, sunflowers, dill, and basil.

Petunias and million bells (calibrachoa) are actually tender perennials (see below) but plants that have been growing outside all summer don’t do well when brought inside. You could try rooting a few cuttings to bring inside if you really want to save them.

Tender perennials are often plants we treat like annuals, allowing them to die with the first frost or at least a freeze. Many people don’t realize that some of these common garden plants are really perennials and if wintered inside will last for years.

Plants that can be overwintered inside at normal room temperatures and enjoyed all winter are below. These plants need temperatures that stay above 55 degrees, bright light and moderate watering over winter.

Abutilon,

agaves,

allamanda,

These two pots, ginger and begonias on the left and
fuchsia and begonias on the right could be brought inside
as is or  the plants could be potted separately.

aloes,

begonias (fibrous rooted and cane type),

bougainvillea,

coleus,

echeveria,

eucalyptus, 

fuchsia,

gardenias,

ginger lilies,

goldfish plant,

hibiscus (tropical),

impatiens,

Joseph’s coat (Alternathera ficoidea),

kalanchoes,

kangaroo paws,

lantana,

lemon grass,

lemon verbena,

lipstick plant,

livesaver plant (Huernia zebrina),

Setcreasea pallida

lofos

mandevilla

oxalis,

polka dot plants,

ornamental peppers,

rex begonias,

“spikes” (dracaenas),

sensitive plant,

Setcreasea pallida 'Purple Heart',

sweet bay,

sweet potato vines

 

Tender fruiting plants like the various citrus family members, papaya, pomegranate, and figs that aren’t hardy to your area can be wintered inside in warm conditions. Pomegranate and some figs may lose leaves and go semi-dormant in mid-winter.

Note: the category “succulents” covers many species of plants with many different needs. Some can be planted outside even in colder zones, some need winter dormancy and some do not.  Some will do nicely inside, others won’t. You need to find out the species of succulent you have to know what its winter requirements are.

Garden geraniums (pelargoniums) are a special case.  You can bring them into a warm bright room, and they will bloom all winter. Or you can let them go dormant in a cool place.

Instead of bringing whole plants inside you can sometimes take cuttings of plants and over winter small plants you start from them.  It is better to start these plants outside in late summer, and then bring in the small pots before frost. However, if frost threatens and it seems to be too much work to bring a large plant inside, take a few cuttings and try your luck.

This pretty ivy geranium can bloom inside all winter

Plants that need protected dormancy

There are other plants that you may want to overwinter inside in a cool spot. These will go dormant but will start growing again in spring when placed outside. These are plants that need some winter chill or resting period to grow well but can’t survive the cold of northern winters (zone 6 and below).

A cool spot is one above freezing, the low 40’s are ideal. The pots will need occasional watering but shouldn’t get too wet. Some plants will lose their leaves and that’s fine. Once the leaves have died on some of these, they won’t need much water at all. An unheated attached garage or unheated porch or basement may be a good place for these.  They should not be allowed to freeze.

Plants that need some dormancy or can tolerate it for winter storage include;

Argyranthemum,

I let brugmansia continue to bloom inside for a month
or so, then move them to cool, dormant  storage 

banana species,

brugmansia,

diascia,

Iochroma,

jasmine,

rosemary,

perennial reeds, sedges and grasses not hardy to your zone,

perennial salvias not hardy to your zone,

passionfruit vines.

Potted mums you used for fall decorations can be trimmed back to about 3 inches after blooming stops and overwintered in a cool place. In spring they will start growing again and can be planted in the ground outside. Many will survive the next winter in the ground.

Vegetable and herb plants

It’s true that tomatoes and peppers are perennial plants. But don’t try to overwinter the ones that grew in your garden, these will usually succumb to fungal diseases they picked up outside and are just too difficult to acclimate to indoor conditions.  Instead start new plants from seed in late summer – somewhere away from your garden plants or inside. You will need a grow light for success with these.

Don’t try bringing other vegetables inside. Under a grow light you can grow salad greens inside but start them from seed indoors. Chives can be potted and brought inside and will grow on a sunny windowsill or under grow lights, but most other herbs do not like indoor conditions. Sometimes basil can be grown from seed but often has disease problems inside. Some newly started thymes and mint may grow for a while under grow lights.

Lavender, sage, oregano, and rosemary do not like warm indoor conditions. They can overwinter in cool dormancy.

Tender bulbs and tubers

Bring these bulbs or tubers into a cool but not freezing area, with natural daylight, and leave the bulbs in pots to die back. After the foliage dies cease watering, keep above freezing, and then begin watering again in March, and place in full sun.

Caladiums,

calla lilies,

Colocasia- (elephant’s ears and taro),

Leave calla lilies in their pots to die back, then store.

Eucomis- (pineapple lilies)

peacock orchids,

rain lilies,

tuberous begonias

Other tender bulbs like cannas, glads, dahlias, crocosmia, etc. can be dug after a light frost kills the foliage and stored dry, with foliage cut off, in peat moss, sand, wood shavings or vermiculite.  They must be dug before a hard freeze.

What not to bring inside

Besides the true annuals and most vegetables listed at the beginning of the article don’t bring perennials that are hardy to colder zones (7 and below) inside for winter.  They need cold dormancy to survive. As mentioned above you can sometimes protect perennials that aren’t winter hardy to your zone but try to avoid purchasing plants that aren’t winter hardy where you live. These plants cannot be wintered in warm conditions. It can be tricky to give them enough cold but not too much cold.

Don’t bring in deciduous trees and shrubs, evergreen trees and shrubs, roses, fruit trees such as apples, pears, peaches and cherries, nut trees, raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, and grapes. Strawberries can be grown inside under grow lights but use newly started plants, don’t dig up garden plants. They won’t grow well on windowsills. Some mini roses are sold for inside growing, but don’t bring in garden roses. “Native” plants should not be brought inside for winter.

Most water plants don’t do well inside either. Like succulents each species has different requirements, and you need to know the conditions for winter these species prefer. If the water plant is hardy in your zone in a natural pond it probably won’t do well inside because it needs winter dormancy. Some tropical water plants may overwinter inside, but it’s hard to maintain the right conditions for them. I have tried to overwinter water hyacinths several times with no luck.

Preparation

If the plants you want to save are growing in the ground they should be dug up and carefully potted. If they are crammed into a container with other plants, it would be wise to separate the different plants and pot them separately.

Plants that are in containers that aren’t crowded can be brought inside in the pots they were growing in. Check the plants and the pots carefully so you don’t bring in small surprise guests like frogs and mice. Use a good, lightweight potting soil if you need to re-pot tender perennials you are bringing inside. 

Some insects can become a big problem indoors if they hitch a ride inside. It is a good idea to spray plants with an insecticide or use a systemic insecticide on them the day before you bring them inside.  If you do it outside you won’t pollute your indoor air and surfaces.  And the insecticides won’t impact pollinators inside your home. However, if you have pets that munch on leaves indoors you may want to skip the insecticide.

Don’t try to save too many tender perennials unless you have a big greenhouse. (Even I close my eyes and leave some behind.) Just save the most expensive, rarest or your personal favorites.  You can propagate cuttings from one or two plants for a new border of impatiens rather than trying to save the whole border. All plants need room and good light and the more you have, the more time you will spend caring for them. Trust me, I know.

Kim Willis

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