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Tuesday, December 13, 2016

December 13, 2016, Kim’s Weekly Garden Newsletter

 © Kim Willis - no parts of this newsletter may be used without permission.


Hi Gardeners

White Christmas cactus
I don’t like winter.  There I’ve said it.  Yes there’s a certain kind of beauty in a snow covered landscape, especially when it’s new and clean.  But I still don’t like winter.  Everything is harder, except curling up somewhere warm and sleeping. But nature knew what she was doing when she sent snow here to cover up the plants, right before the arctic vortex blows down on us.  Snow is a great insulator.  It also reflects more light back into my windows for the houseplants so I guess it has its usefulness.

We got about 8 inches of snow here over the last couple days.  That’s not a huge amount but enough to make it messy and cold.  And I had to get out and shovel. Bah humbug. Last year we had 8 inches of snow November 22, but it soon melted and much of December was mild.  In fact right before Christmas last year there was a tornado – in Canton, Mi. I believe.  On December 14, 2015 it was 60 degrees here. 

I’m hoping this bitter cold spell that’s coming will be short and we’ll get back to that mild winter the Old Farmer’s Almanac promised us.  At least inside I have bird song, green plants, and even some flowers.  I have a fuchsia blooming, hibiscus, Christmas cactus, and bouvardia.  It’s a slow season for blooms even inside as the days are short and nights cold.

The wild birds are emptying the feeders almost as fast as I fill them.  I have two seed feeders, a tray feeder and a suet feeder outside my little home office window.  My parakeets can watch and talk to the birds outside as they jostle and fight over the sunflower seeds. 

My chickens are all locked inside now.  I am giving them pumpkins to peck at to keep busy.  Egg count has dropped, but that’s normal.  By the way, since I get this question all the time, chickens do not need heat in their coop.  If they have a dry, draft proof place they will do just fine in cold weather.  They will need warm water at least twice a day or a heated water bowl so they can get enough to drink.  And there still has to be adequate air circulation so moisture and ammonia fumes don’t build up in the coop.

If you have a live Christmas tree make sure you keep it watered. If you are putting up a live tree that’s been sitting around for a while make a fresh cut at least an inch thick on the trunk before placing it in water.  If the tree has been cut for a while and not been kept in water the tree will have plugged the cut xylem tubes with sap and the tree won’t be able to take in water very well.  You don’t need to put anything in the water, nothing will make the tree take up water better or last longer.  It doesn’t need food, like sugar.

It won’t hurt if your pets drink from the tree water, as long as you haven’t added things to the water.  I would keep the kids from drinking the water though because there could be bacterial contamination and that does bad things to the digestive system. (Don’t underestimate what a kid might do; I had a sister who lapped water out of the tree stand because the dog did it.)





When quitting makes sense

At the end of the year, in the dregs of feeble light left us before the turning of the sun it’s time to examine our gardening habits. What gardening habits, ideas, and plans do we need to leave behind in the old year?  What plants should we pull the plug on?
  
Most of us have been taught that quitting is weakness.  Never give up is the motto we are drilled into believing.  Only quitters lose we are told.  But the wise person and the wise gardener needs to learn that quitting isn’t always bad and is sometimes the wisest decision you can make.  Quitting can often bring you happiness and better things.

Now I would never urge you to quit gardening all together - unless you search your heart and find you really hate gardening. And who reading this feels that way?  But I am going to urge you to think a little bit about how, why, and what you garden and see whether it’s time to quit doing some things.

Pull the plug on those plants

Do you have a plant that you have spent years nursing and babying along only to find it barely alive every time you look at it?  It may be time to pull the plug.  For some of us it’s very hard to “quit” on a plant.  It may be our pride, our sense of failure as a “green thumb” and for some of us it’s a sentimental thing; we actually care about the plant.  But there are so many reasons a plant may not thrive in our care.  It may not be the right plant for the conditions.  It may be a naturally weak specimen or infected with an incurable disease.  And it may be that we don’t know how to care for it or that we don’t have the time and desire to care for it.

Is that straggling half dead ivy in your office how you want to represent your gardening skills?  Can it be saved if you give it to someone who can give it what it needs?  Or should you take a deep breath and toss it in the trash?  Maybe you’ll replace it with a new plant (hopefully), or maybe your office just isn’t the right place for plants.

Long ago I had a weeping fig in another home that became a huge and beautiful plant.  Despite the logistics of moving a 6 feet tall, 4 feet wide, heavy plant to a new house many miles away I had no hesitation.  I moved it but it was never the same. For years I put up with a half dead plant that constantly dropped leaves, needed dead branches pruned out and shrank to half its original size.  I tried everything but the plant sat there taking up large amounts of window space with its struggling nearly bare branches.  Its 20 years old I reasoned, I can’t give up on a plant that old. 

Finally reason prevailed. I decided despite the huge effort to move it I would put it outside for the summer in a nice sheltered spot.  If it improved over the summer I would move it back inside.  If it didn’t – well – that was it.   I would like to say it grew beautiful and full, but it didn’t.  When frost was near in the fall I almost relented and moved it back inside.  But I thought of the new tub plants I had bought that summer and how that large window the fig formerly occupied would be so good for them and I left the fig outside and said farewell.

Look over your plants, inside and outside.  Are there some that just don’t thrive despite all your efforts?  How many people do you know that have a half dead plant somewhere in their home or yard that’s been there for ages?  So many of us can’t give up on a plant, even when it’s the best thing we could do.  Quit spending time and resources on them.  Say good bye.  The good news is that now you have room for new plants and a reason to buy them.

Do you replant the same species over and over because you really want that species in your garden, even when you know it might not be right for the conditions?  For me it is the acid loving plants, holly, rhododendrons, and blueberries.  My soil is alkaline.  I faithfully add acidic soil amendments and fertilizers but still they struggle.  I know sometimes plants actually adjust the soil conditions around them, but mine just can’t seem to make it long enough to do so.  So next year I quit.  No more replacing dead holly and other acidic loving plants.  I’ll continue to care for those that made it through winter, slipping them their pH lowering potions but if they die – that’s it.

Time to pull the plug on this holly.

Examine your landscape plants and see if there are areas and plants where quitting is the most reasonable solution.  Are you still trying to grow grass under mature trees?  Quit.  Are you still trying to grow plants that love sun in a shady spot?  Quit.  Does your water garden turn into a scummy mess by midsummer every year because you don’t have time to care for it?  Quit.

When things don’t work well after several attempts it’s time to quit and to put your time and energy into something different.  Put mulch under the trees, or grow moss.  Find plants that love shade for the shady spot.  Empty the water garden and do something low care there.

Do you need to take out overgrown foundation plantings that take excessive pruning time and never look good anymore?  Pull the plug on them.  How about that tree that’s lurking menacingly over the roof, can it be pruned or does it need to go?  How about that wisteria that’s pulling down its arbor and that you neglected to prune so long it’s a tangled disaster?  Is it time to cut it off at the base and let it start over?

Quit bad gardening habits

Sometimes we also need to “quit” gardening that has become a habit but that is no longer useful or needed.  Do you still plant a huge vegetable garden every year even though the kids are long gone to their own homes and you struggle with a bad back and knees?  Quit.  Cut down the garden size to what you can manage easily.  Maybe you just need a few tomatoes and a row of beans.  Let the rest go back to lawn or plant some perennial flowers there.  You can spend more time on other parts of the landscape or just enjoy the summer.

Do you mow acres of lawn every week in growing season, spending hours doing so? Maybe it’s time you quit.  Mow what you need around the house to keep insects down and provide a fire break.  Let the rest revert to meadow.  Or use the space you mow to plant trees or perennials.

Do you plant 6 colors of petunias, 3 colors of begonias and 9 red geraniums every year in the same location?  Maybe it’s time to quit. Anytime we get into a gardening rut, when we garden by rote instead of exploring new ideas and plants we should examine our gardening practices and see if we need to change them.

Do you water/irrigate large areas every year?  Watering when an unusual dry spell hits is one thing but if the only way you can grow certain types of gardens is to intensively water all the time, maybe it’s time to quit.  Water is a precious resource and watering is time intensive.  Maybe it’s time to grow xeric plants, (drought tolerant) or grow fewer plants. This is a quitting decision many of us will be facing in the years to come.

Other things we may need to consider quitting is our use of pesticides. How bad will your apples get if you go to a low pesticide or no pesticide care practices? Are you spraying your home with pesticides even when you see no pests- just in case? Quit doing that.

Maybe you need to quit doing useless garden rituals.  Just because grandpa planted his peas on Valentine’s Day each year doesn’t mean you have to.  If it works for you fine, but maybe grandpa gardened in a different zone, he surely gardened in a different time.  If you always planted geraniums on Mother’s Day but you have moved to Florida you may want to quit planting them, at least on that day. Don’t be afraid to quit old garden practices if they don’t have value for you. 

Are you using silly homemade remedies that really don’t work and deep down inside you know it? Quit it. You’ve read all the rebuttals by experts, studied the research, even tried the remedies and know they don’t work. The Epsom salt and diatomaceous earth and dawn dish detergent remedies with their folksy, “natural” appeal keep luring you down what you know is a false path.  You once, before you were educated, thought they worked and it’s hard to admit you were fooled by cheerful disinformation and the placebo effect.   But you definitely want to quit using those remedies.

All those grand plans- should you quit them?

We sometimes need to quit on our plans too.  Are you in the midst of developing 5 acres into formal gardens?  And last year, with less than half that in gardens you went to bed tired and sore every night trying to keep everything weeded, pruned and watered.  And instead of feeling proud of your accomplishments do you worry constantly about having the money and time to finish your grand plan? Maybe it’s time to quit and enjoy what you have.

Did you get started on a wonderful rose garden on your property line last summer only to find that the neighbor kids were constantly knocking their basketball into the bed and trampling in it to retrieve it?  Maybe it’s time to drop that plan, at least for a while. Did your significant other or a child develop a nasty allergic reaction to bee stings last year?  Maybe that plan to replace the evergreens by the door with flowering plants should have the plug pulled on it.

Whenever you find a plan just isn’t working don’t be afraid to “quit.”  Don’t keep spending time and money on something that just isn’t working.  The time and money you have invested already shouldn’t be your reason to keep going with something that is obviously wrong.  Those spent resources paid for experience, a lesson learned, and tuition can be expensive.

Inexperienced gardeners often learn how to be great gardeners when plans fail. You learn by doing and you learn when you are able to accept a failed plan. Your new plan may be able to recover some of those spent resources, such as transplanting plants to a new and better location.  Smart people develop new and better plans and aren’t afraid to give up on unrealistic ones.

For most gardeners we are entering the time of the year when garden tasks get fewer and we have time to reflect on our past gardening efforts and what we want to do in the future.  The gardeners I know are always planning something new.  In order to have time and resources to do those new things, to move forward and explore new options, we need to quit doing other things.  Sometimes our health and personal needs also direct us to quit taking the same old path and try a new one.

Don’t be afraid to quit. Smart people know when to quit.  Quitting is sometimes in the gardener’s best interest and will allow you to have more and happier gardening experiences in the future.

Examining white

I don’t know where you are but the world has turned white around here.  It’s the time of year when white dominates the landscape. This week’s newsletter discusses the term white as it’s found in Latin or scientific plant names. In previous newsletters I listed various other color terms as they appear in Latin.  These color names are often used in plant names and it can be helpful when you are interested in a description of a plant to know what various words mean.  Remember the descriptive part of the name is usually the second word in a scientific or Latin name.

We’ve all probably learned that white is not a color but an absence of color.  But anyone who has gone to pick white paint for the living room knows there are many shades and tints of white.  Since horticultural Latin is always trying to accurately describe things it stands to reason that there will be many Latin terms for white.  The most common Latin word used to describe white is albus or alba.  Lychnis alba is White Campion, Melilotus alba is white clover.  But there are many shades and tints of albus as listed below.

Albidus is any form of white that is dirty or muddled
Albescens is a term for something turning white from another color
Niveus, nivalis, is snow white or the purest form of white. Galanthus nivalis is the Snowdrop.

Candidus, canadidum, candidissimus, is a slightly less pure form of white, “shining” white,  example  Cypripedium canididum  or White Lady’s Slipper.

Note: The word Canadensis in a plant name generally refers to it being from Canada or the north, rather than to it being white flowered, although some plants with this name do have white flowers.  The word Canada actually comes from an Iroquois word for village.

Eburneus, eborinus refers to cream white or ivory, white with a slight yellow tinge
Cremeus, cremicolor refer to a more yellow type of white
Papyraceus refers to paper white, a rather ambiguous term
Lacteus, lacticolor,  galacto, galacticolor, galactites, galachrous is the color of milk, white with a blue tinge
Cretaceus, calcareus, cerussatus, gypseus all refer to chalk white, white with a hint of gray.
Argenteus is silvery white, white with blue-gray hints and a metallic sheen
Dealbatus describes something with a white cast over a different color
Albastrinus is white streaked with another color.

Holly for Happy Holidays and beyond

One of the plants long associated with winter holidays is holly, said to bring good luck to a home. You may picture holly as having thick, dark green, glossy leaves that remain green all winter.  Others of you may know hollies that you call winterberry or possumhaw, which lose their leaves in the winter to display branches lined with beautiful berries.

There are over 600 species of holly, from many parts of the world. Hollies may be widely divided into groups, English hollies, Ilex aquifolium, American hollies, Ilex opaca, Blue holly, Ilex meservae, Chinese holly, Ilex cornuta, Japanese holly, Ilex crenata, possumhaw, Ilex decidua and winterberry holly, Ilex verticillata. There are other species grown for ornamental use and each of the above species has numerous named varieties.  Hollies species are also crossed to provide some ornamental hybrids.

American and English hollies make excellent landscape trees.  Blue hollies and others are used as landscape shrubs and specimen plants.  English hollies are often trimmed into hedges.  The deciduous hollies are excellent as shrubs for winter color and for naturalizing.  Winterberries will grow in wetter areas such as rain gardens and pond side plantings. Hollies are deer resistant.

Most evergreen holly leaves are thick and glossy green.  Many evergreen species have toothed leaves, with a spine at the end of each tooth.  Some however, have smooth, nearly oval leaves.  There are some variegated varieties.  Hollies that drop their leaves in winter generally have long, oval leaves with smooth margins.

All hollies have one interesting feature.  Male and female flowers are born on separate plants.  To get those beautiful berries you will need at least one male plant for every 10 or so females.  Only female plants have berries.   The holly flowers are small and whitish.  They have a sweet scent that attracts bees and other insects to do the pollinating.  You can tell male flowers if you look inside the flower and see yellow pollen.  Female flowers already have a round, green swelling at the base of the pistil that becomes the berry.



Holly plants may not flower for several years after planting so it’s important to label the males so you will know if a male dies and you need to replace it. Pay attention to catalog descriptions or label information, which tells you what type of male plant you need for each female you buy.  Blue hollies are needed to pollinate blue hollies and possumhaws are needed to pollinate possumhaws and so on.  Even within a group some plants will be better mates for each other.

Most holly berries will be red or black, but there are orange, yellow, coral, pink, blue and white berried varieties on the market.  Some people are not interested in the berries, only the evergreen foliage and for them there is no need to worry about male and female plants.  There are a few varieties of hollies that will produce berries without a male.

Birds like holly berries later in the winter, after they have been frozen several times.  This allows you to get a good winter show and still feed the birds.  Birds also like to shelter in evergreen hollies during the winter.

Holly culture

Both deciduous and evergreen hollies prefer slightly acidic soil but can be grown in more alkaline soils with the right fertilizers.  They like rich, well-drained soil in full sun.  The winterberry group will tolerate damp areas, although it will also do well in average garden conditions.  Evergreen hollies like some protection from winter winds, at least while they are young.

The evergreen hollies are slow growing, the deciduous much faster. In the spring both benefit from some acidic fertilizer.  You can use a slow release acidic fertilizer that is formulated for holly, rhododendrons and so on that is commonly found in garden stores.  Cottonseed meal, pine needles and other acidic organic mulches are good. Keep holly watered during dry spells.

Hollies vary as to hardiness; the winterberries and American holly are probably the cold hardiest.  Check the zone hardiness of any variety that you buy.  Some forms of holly are considered to be invasive, spreading by the berries.  All parts of the holly plant are poisonous so keep that in mind when you select a planting location.

Holly is not just for winter decorations, it’s an excellent landscape plant for all seasons.

Salvia divinorum, Diviners sage, Sally D

Those of you interested in exotic herbs may find this one interesting. It’s sometimes used in solstice celebrations. This unusual member of the Salvia family is native to a small area of the northeast corner of Oaxaca, Mexico.  Mazatec Indian healers have used the plant for centuries. They chew a wad of leaves or make a drink from crushed fresh leaves to induce a trance-like state and “visions.” The visions were used to find out what was wrong with a patient or to try and find lost objects or settle disputes.  The plant was never used as a recreational drug.

Plant explorers in this century re-discovered the plant and did several studies on it to find out if it had medicinal qualities. Medical uses are still being explored for the active chemicals in the plant.  The plant caused a sensation in the recreational drug world because it was still a legal hallucinogen.  It’s still grown and used for that purpose but because some of its effects are not pleasant it’s not widely used now as a recreational drug, but rather in shamanistic or religious ways.
Diviners sage, credit zh.wikipedia

Some states and countries have banned the sale and possession of the plants so before you seek this out, check your local laws. Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Virginia have regulations on the plant.

Because it doesn’t reproduce successfully from seed, and exists only where it is protected and cultivated, botanists believe Diviners sage is a hybrid of two unknown Salvia species or an odd mutation.  Diviners sage is a semi-tropical perennial plant and is not cold hardy. 

The stems are sturdy, square and hollow.  Leaves are large, up to 9 inches long, oval in shape with lightly serrated edges.  They are dark green and covered with fine hairs that give them a satiny appearance.  Outside, in natural light, the plant will often flower.  The flowers are typical of the salvia family, with a light purple calyxes, and white petals.  The plant has a light minty odor.

Growing Diviners Sage

Salvia divinorum is easy to grow outside in the summer or as a house plant.  If you want to try it start with a cutting or rooted plant. It is almost impossible to grow from seed, although a few people have gotten seeds to form with hand pollination.  Those people found that the seeds germinated poorly and produced weak plants.  Many seeds sold as Diviners sage aren’t from Salvia divinorum but other species of salvia.

Diviners sage is very easy to start from cuttings, however.  Cuttings will root readily in soil or water.  The plant prefers a light, humus rich soil, like a good potting soil.  It needs to be kept moist at all times, but never water logged.  Inside the plant needs to be in a sunny window.  Outside it prefers semi-shade.  It grows quickly, up to six feet or more in height.  To keep it healthy the plant needs to be fertilized with a balanced, slow release fertilizer several times a year. Plants are for sale in herb catalogs and on the internet.  Here are a few places you can try.


Uses of Salvia divinorum

The active ingredient in Salvia divinorum is called Salvinorium A.  It is similar in composition to opiate drugs, but it does not contain nitrogen.  It acts on different opiate receptors in the brain than other drugs.  Medical research has proven Salvinorium A does not cause addiction and is toxic only in very high doses. 

Salvia divinorum flower.  en.wikipedia
What Salvia divinorum does do is produce hallucinations, or altered consciousness.  When consumed in the traditional way, by chewing leaves, or consuming tea, the herb produces mild but vivid experiences that are relatively short in duration- 20 minutes or so.  The flavor is very bitter and unpleasant and leaves should be held in the mouth for a long time to achieve the best effect.

Most users report it gives them a deep, retrospective and calming experience, although some report frightening hallucinations.  It does, however, alter your mental and physical control over your body, slow reaction time and otherwise impair your ability to drive and perform other tasks.  Do not drive after using the plant.  As of yet there are no cases in medical literature of overdoses or lingering side effects, such as flashbacks. 

Modern drug users tried drying and smoking the herb, which produces only very mild, fleeting effects.  Then they began to extract the active chemical and concentrate it.  These extracts are then added to the dried herb to be smoked or used in other ways.  This increases the intensity and length of the “experience.”   Most herbal product that is being sold are enhanced with  salvinorium A extract.  The herb is still legal in most states and is sold in  “head”shops, herbal stores and through the internet.

After using it however, many people fail to keep using it, proof it’s not addictive.  It’s not really a party drug.  It doesn’t make you feel happy and giggly.  Those who seek to use the drug should also be aware that little is known about how the drug reacts with other medications, or if the drug has long term effects on the body, especially with concentrated potency and frequent use. 

You may be interested in the plant because it is an odd horticultural specimen or you think it may be valuable in your own religious or spiritual beliefs but please grow the plant responsibly, making sure that it doesn’t fall into the hands of someone who could be hurt by it.

Festive, Fool proof Fudge

This fudge recipe is easy, quick and almost foolproof.  The best thing about it, however, is how good it tastes.  You’ll get a product that’s great for gift giving but you’ll want to keep some for yourself too.  Most people remark that this fudge is not as sweet as some fudge and many people who don’t like regular fudge will be won over by this recipe.

This fudge can be made in dozens of flavors.  Some recipe variations will be given and you can experiment with varieties of your own.  Just keep the same proportions of baking chips to the other ingredients and become the fudge expert.

This fudge is made using a microwave.  You could also make it in a double boiler, constantly stirring until the baking chips are melted.  Make sure your bowl and utensils are completely dry and the microwave is wiped dry inside before beginning.  Any trace of water in the bowl or microwave may make the fudge set too soon (called “seizing” ) or it will be grainy.  Don’t overcook the fudge.  Microwaves vary in how fast they work.  Stop cooking as soon as the ingredients can be blended together without lumps.  An electric mixer on low speed can be used for blending.

Chocolate fudge
Makes about 2 pounds of fudge


3 cups of semi-sweet chocolate baking chips, use milk chocolate chips if you like less intense chocolate flavor.  (This is about 1 and a half, 12 oz. packages of baking chips.)

1 can (14 oz.)  sweetened condensed milk- (not evaporated milk)

2 tablespoons butter, cut into small pieces

1 teaspoon vanilla extract

Place all of the ingredients in a microwave safe bowl.

Heat on high for 3 minutes.

Remove and try to stir fudge, if the chips lose their shape and the chocolate appears smooth and creamy you are finished.  If not put the bowl back in the microwave and microwave on high for another minute. 

Stir the fudge until it’s well blended and creamy. 

Pour into an 8x8 or 9 x9 inch round or square pan lined with parchment paper or sprayed with cooking spray while the fudge is hot.

Let the fudge cool completely before cutting.   Wrap tightly with plastic wrap.  Stores best in the refrigerator.

Fudge variations

Add chopped nuts or dried fruit (about 1 cup) after the fudge is removed from the microwave.

For peanut butter fudge use Reese’s peanut butter flavored chips and omit the butter.  After removing the fudge from the microwave stir in 2 tablespoons of peanut butter.  Add chopped peanuts if you like.

Use vanilla chips and chopped dried cherries for great cherry fudge.  Note: vanilla chips can take longer than other chips to melt.  Blend in 1 teaspoon of vanilla (or cherry flavor) extract after you take the fudge out of the microwave.

Butterscotch chips make great butterscotch fudge.  Also try cinnamon flavored chips with chopped toasted pecans for a great flavor.

You can make a mint flavored fudge with mint flavored chocolate chips or add a cup of crushed peppermint candy to a vanilla fudge base after removing it from the microwave.

A pretty plate of various fudges will be a welcome gift.  You may want to wrap flavors separately though to avoid the flavors mixing.

Give me the will to change things I cannot accept.

Kim Willis
 “He who has a garden and a library wants for nothing” ― Cicero

And So On….
Do you have plants or seeds you would like to swap or share?  Post them here by emailing me. You can also ask me to post garden related events. Kimwillis151@gmail.com

Find Michigan garden events/classes here:

An interesting Plant Id page you can join on Facebook

Here’s a seed/plant sharing group you can join on Facebook

Newsletter/blog information

If you would like to pass along a notice about an educational event or a volunteer opportunity please send me an email before Tuesday of each week and I will print it. Also if you have a comment or opinion you’d like to share, send it to me or you can comment directly on the blog. Please state that you want to have the item published in my weekly note if you email me. You must give your full name and what you say must be polite and not attack any individual. I am very open to ideas and opinions that don’t match mine but I do reserve the right to publish what I want.

I write this because I love to share with other gardeners some of the things I come across in my research each week. It keeps me engaged with people and horticulture. It’s a hobby, basically. I hope you enjoy it. If you are on my mailing list and at any time you don’t wish to receive these emails just let me know. If you know anyone who would like to receive a notification by email when a new blog is published have them send their email address to me.  KimWillis151@gmail.com


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